General Anatomy
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system? What is in both?
CNS - brain and spinal cord
PNS - cranial and spinal nerves
What dural fold covers the sella turcica and what lies inferior to it?
Diaphragma sellae
What vitamin should pregnant women be taking to help promote proper development of the embryo?
Folic acid
Nerves going towards the CNS are classified as afferent/efferent?
Afferent
What would an infection of the meninges be diagnosed as?
Meningitis
What division of the nervous system has 2 neurons(pre/post ganglionic neurons) going to their effector
Autonomic Nervous System
Name the 3 fissures and 1 sulcus. What does each divide?
Longitudinal/Sagittal - left and right cerebral hemispheres
Transverse: Parietal and occipital lobes
Lateral: Temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebrum
Central Sulcus: Pre/post-central sulcus (frontal and parietal lobes)
At 3 weeks gestation, what three structures have formed? What are their common names?
Prosencephalon(forebrain), Mesencephalon(midbrain), Rhombencephalon(hindbrain)
What is the white matter of the spinal cord made out of?
Myelinated axons of neurons
What type of hemorrhage occurs in the real space between 2 meningeal layers?
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Name the layers of a nerve from deep to superficial
Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium
Describe the flow of CSF from the superior sagittal sinus
Superior sagittal sinus, confluence of sinuses, transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus, jugular foramen, IJV
What brain structures and cavities are formed from the Metencephalon?
cerebellum, pons, and 4th ventricle
The dorsal rami contains what type of neurons?
Both - sensory and motor neurons
What internal brain structure can be cut to inhibit the passage of electrical signaling from contralateral sides of the brain to prevent epilepsy?
Corpus Callosum
The general somatic afferent will provide information to the CNS about what area of the body? Will it be sensory or motor information?
Sensory from the skin, skeletal muscle, and joints
Name the 3 functions of the cerebellum.
maintaining equilibrium, coordinating and smoothing muscular body movements, and regulating muscle tone
Since the cerebral hemispheres form an angle with the spinal cord, what directional term would I use to describe the top of my spinal cord?
Rostral
What is the specific name of the nerve tract that goes from the spine to the brain?
Spinothalamic Tract
If this barrier is penetrated by alcohol, it can lead to ethanol induced ataxia(drunkenness)
Blood Brain Barrier
What are the 6 neuroglia and their functions?
Oligodendrocytes: myelinate the neurons of the CNS
Microglia: immune cells of the nervous system in CNS
Astrocytes: form the BBB in CNS
Ependymal Cells: produce CSF
Satellite Cells: support the cell bodies of neurons in PNS
Schwann: myelinate the neurons in the PNS
What are the 5 lobes of the brain? List the functions of each
Frontal: HOPP
Parietal: Tactile and sense of shape and texture
Temporal: Olfaction and auditory
Occipital: Vision
Insula: Taste, emotions, and empathy
At five weeks gestation, the embryonic brain has formed into 5 structures that will later develop into a fully functional brain. From superior to inferior, list the cavities they create.
Lateral ventricle, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct of sylvius, 4th ventricle
If I stepped on a pin, name all the structures that the stimulus would travel in order to make me pull my foot away. (Reflex arch)
Sensory neuron (dorsal root) → interneuron → motor neuron (ventral root) → effector muscle
If your patient comes in and reports actions of randomly licking objects and putting them in their mouth, what internal brain structure has been damaged? What's its normal function?
Mammillary bodies; chewing and swallowing