FIU Module 6 Neuroanatomy & Physiology

Functions of Major Lobes

100

Frontal lobe

What control of voluntary movement, involved in attention, short term memory tasks, motivation, planning, speech?

200

Parietal lobe

What integrates proprioceptive stimuli, involved in language processing?

300

Temporal lobe

What is decoding sensory input like visual and auditory into derived meanings for retention of visual memory and language comprehension

400

Occipital lobe

What is the center for visual processing?

500

Frontal lobe factors

What lobe is in charge of stress

Neurological System

100

Describe the neurological system and its relation to communication and swallowing.

What is the neurological system plays a vital role in both communication and swallowing, coordinating brain regions, cranial nerves, and muscles to ensure proper speech production and the safe passage of food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach? 

200

This area of the brain, located in the left frontal lobe, is primarily responsible for speech production.

What is Broca's area?

300

This part of the brainstem controls many of the reflexes involved in swallowing, such as the gag and cough reflexes.

What is the medulla oblongata?

400

This phase of swallowing involves the reflexive movement of food through the pharynx and into the esophagus.

What is the pharyngeal phase?

500

This brain region, located in the temporal lobe, is critical for language comprehension, and damage here can result in receptive aphasia.

What is Wernicke’s area?

Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems

100

Central Nervous Systems

This part consists of the brain and spinal cord

200

Peripheral Nervous System

Includes all the nerves that branch out from the CNS to the rest of the body

300

CNS

_____  processes information and sends signals through the PNS to initiate actions

400

This part of the brain, located in the frontal lobe, is essential for planning and executing the motor movements required for speech production.

What is the motor cortex?

500

This is the type of motor pathway responsible for fine, voluntary motor control, which is particularly important for speech articulation and facial expression.

What is the corticobulbar tract?

Cranial Nerves

100

Cranial Nerves 1-3

What is 

• Olfactory Nerve (I) - Sensory; responsible for the sense of smell.
• Optic Nerve (II) - Sensory; responsible for vision.
• Oculomotor Nerve (III) - Motor; controls most eye movements, pupil constriction, and maintains an open eyelid?

200

Cranial Nerves 4-6

What is: 

Trochlear Nerve (IV) - Motor; controls the superior oblique muscle, which moves the eye downward and laterally.

• Trigeminal Nerve (V) - Both sensory and motor; responsible for facial sensation and chewing muscles.
• Abducens Nerve (VI) - Motor; controls the lateral rectus muscle, which moves the eye laterally.

300

Cranial 7-9

what is 

• Facial Nerve (VII) - Both sensory and motor; responsible for facial expressions, taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and some salivary glands.
• Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) - Sensory; responsible for hearing and balance.
• Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX) - Both sensory and motor; involved in taste on the posterior one-third of the tongue, swallowing, and some salivation.

400

cranial 10-11

what is 

• Vagus Nerve (X) - Both sensory and motor; controls functions of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract, as well as muscles for speech.
• Accessory Nerve (XI) - Motor; controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, aiding in head movement and shoulder elevation.

500

cranial 12

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) - Motor; controls tongue movements essential for speech, food manipulation, and swallowing.

Steps to a Reflex Arc

100

Step 1

Stimulus: Any change in the environment (internal or external) detected by a receptor.

200

Step 2

What is Receptor: Detects the stimulus and transmits nerve impulses to the brain for decision-making. Receptors can be pain receptors (with free nerve endings), thermoreceptors (specialized for heat and cold), or mechanoreceptors (specialized muscle endings like muscle spindles)?

300

Step 3

Sensory Neuron (Afferent Neuron): Carries the impulse from the receptor to the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. Sensory neurons act as messengers, allowing reflex actions to occur quickly. Most sensory neurons enter the spinal cord via the dorsal root and synapse with relay neurons in the grey matter, bypassing the brain directly.

400

Step 4

What is Motor Neuron (Efferent Neuron): Carries the impulse from the CNS to the effector organ (e.g., muscles or glands) for a response. For instance, when you touch a hot object, the impulse travels from the brain or spinal cord to skeletal muscles, stimulating them to contract and move away from the heat.

500

Step 5

What is Interneuron (Relay Neuron): Synapses with a motor neuron and communicates between the CNS, sensory neurons, and motor neurons.