Barbiturates
These drugs are known to cause significant depression of this body system during anesthesia.
What is the respiratory system?
This dissociative is commonly combined with diazepam or midazolam and used for induction of anesthesia.
What is ketamine?
Opioids provide pain relief by binding to these receptors.
What are mu receptors?
Atipamezole reverses the effects of this class of sedatives.
What are alpha-2 agonists?
This division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the “fight or flight” system.
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
This major organ is responsible for metabolizing most barbiturates.
What is the liver?
Dissociative anesthetics provide this important effect that many tranquilizers lack.
What is analgesia?
This opioid is known for causing vomiting in dogs.
What is morphine or hydromorphone?
This opioid antagonist is commonly used to reverse opioid effects.
What is naloxone?
This neurotransmitter is used at the neuromuscular junction and in the parasympathetic system.
What is acetylcholine?
Because of their alkaline pH, barbiturates can cause severe pain and this severe complication if given perivascularly.
What is tissue sloughing or necrosis?
These drugs often produce this characteristic state rather than true unconsciousness.
What is a cataleptic or dissociative state?
This partial opioid agonist is commonly used for mild to moderate pain in small animals.
What is buprenorphine?
Flumazenil is the reversal agent for this class of drugs.
What are benzodiazepines?
This digestive effect occurs when the parasympathetic system is stimulated.
What is increased gastrointestinal motility?
This injectable barbiturate is commonly used for euthanasia in veterinary medicine.
What is pentobarbital?
This eye position is commonly seen in animals under dissociative anesthesia.
What is open eyes with a central or dilated pupil?
This behavioral effect is sometimes seen in cats given opioids.
What is euphoria or excitement? "Morphine Mania"
These drugs should be used cautiously because they may eliminate both sedation and this beneficial effect.
What is analgesia?
This pupil response occurs with parasympathetic stimulation.
What is constriction (miosis)?
This barbiturate is commonly used as an anticonvulsant in epileptic patients to help increase the seizure threshold.
What is phenobarbitol?
This neurotransmitter receptor is primarily blocked by dissociative anesthetics like ketamine.
What is the NMDA receptor?
Opioids are primarily used for this major therapeutic purpose.
What is analgesia or pain control?
This route is commonly used to administer atipamezole in small animals.
What is intramuscular injection?
These neurotransmitters are primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system.
What are epinepghrine and norepinephrine?