Neurons
This is the part of the neuron where signals are generated
What is the axon hillock?
In most neurons, the concentration of ... is higher inside the cell, while the concentration of ... is higher outside the cell
What are potassium and sodium?
During the falling phase, ... channels become inactivated, and ... channels open
What are voltage-gated sodium channels and voltage-gated potassium channels?
In many chemical synapses, the receptor protein that binds and responds to neurotransmitters is a...
What is a ligand-gated ion channel?
In electrical synapses, current flows from one neuron to another via...
What are gap junctions?
This is the part of each axon branch that forms a very important specialized junction
What is the synaptic terminal?
These allow the build-up of negative charge inside the neurons by allowing potassium to flow out.
What are leak channels?
This happens when a stimulus depolarizes the membrane
What is the opening of gated sodium channels?
These postsynaptic potentials are depolarizations, while these postsynaptic potentials are hyperpolarizations
What are excitatory postynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)?
Neurotransmitters diffuse across the ... and are received by the ...
What are the synaptic cleft and the postsynaptic cell?
These are the glia that produce myelein sheaths
What are oligodendrocytes (in the CNS), and Schwann cells (in the PNS)?
This ion has the greatest influence on a neuron's resting membrane potential due to its high permeability and concentration gradient
What is potassium?
This is the result of a temporary inactivation of the sodium channels, and is also why the action potential cannot travel backwards
What is the refractory period?
This is requried for temporal summation
What is the production of two EPSPs/IPSPs in rapid succession?
... are short chains of amino acids, which also function as neurotransmitters that operate via G protein-coupled receptors. They include ... and ...
What are neuropeptides, endorphins, and opiates?
At the ..., which are gaps in the myelin sheaths, are located ... Action potentials jump across the ... in a process called ...
What are the nodes of Ranvier, voltage-gated sodium channels, nodes of Ranvier, and saltatory conduction?
At rest, the inside of a neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside, typically around –70 mV; this is maintained by selective ion permeability and the activity of this protein
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
During this, membrane permeability to potassium is initially higher, and then voltage-gated potassium channels close
What is the undershoot?
This is required for spatial summation
What are EPSPs/IPSPs produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron?
These ligand-gated receptors play a key role in the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, and the neurotransmitter they bind is excitatory in ..., where it is bound by ..., and inhbitory in ..., where it is bound by ...
What are nicotinic receptors of acetylcholine? What are skeletal muscle, ligand-gated receptors, the heart, and metabotropic receptors?
Blocking these voltage-gated channels prolongs an action potential by preventing repolarization, without significantly affecting the peak voltage
What are potassium channels?
The resting membrane potential can be predicted by this equation, which calculates the voltage at which the net flow of a specific ion across the membrane is zero, and is often applied to K⁺ at rest
What is the Nernst equation?
Hyperpolarization most commonly happens through the opening of ... channels, and depolarization most commonly happens through the opening of ... channels
What are potassium and sodium channels?
These pathways last longer and have a slower onset, and they are caused by this type of receptor
What are G protein pathways, and what are metabotropic receptors?
... is the most common neurotransmitter in the CNS. ... acts at inhibitory receptors in the CNS that lie outside of the brain. ... is the neurotransmitter at most inhibitory synapses in the brain. ... amines are synthesized by amino acids, and they include ..., ..., and ...
What are glutamate, glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), biogenic, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin?