Nervous system (nervous)
Name two cells in the nervous system and give their function.
CNS Astrocyte - form B/B barrier/
Oligodendrocyte - creates myelin sheath in CNS
Ependymal - produce CSF
Microglial - clean up crew
PNS Shwann - creates myelin sheath in PNS
Satellite - protection/supplies nutrients to neuron.
The function of the brain stem.
controls automatic survival behaviors (communication between lower and higher brain centers)
What nerve in the cervical plexus innervates the diaphragm?
Phrenic (C3) damage = respiratory arrest
What CN supplies innervation to muscles of mastication?
Trigeminal - V
The inability to comprehend or use words is described as what?
Aphasia (fluent[faulty understanding of spoken/written words]/nonfluent[unable to form words])
What are the two divisions of the motor portion of the PNS? Which is voluntary/involuntary
Autonomic - involuntary (visceral); maintain homeostasis, innervate/inhibit smooth/cardiac muscle and glands
Somatic - voluntary; skeletal muscle innervation/excitation
What area of the brain is considered pneumotaxic and apneustic areas for breathing [rate]?
Pons
What would be the site and purpose for a spinal tap/lumbar puncture?
L3-L5 (subarachnoid space)
Tests CSF pressure.
The sciatic nerve is made up of what two nerves? Damage to the sciatic nerve = ?
Tibial and common fibular; sciatica
What type of condition is found in football players who suffer many concussions?
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
What divisions of the nervous system are responsible for "rest & digest" and "fight or flight" responses? What are these responses?
Autonomic system
"rest & digest" - Parasympathetic (conserves & restores body energy)
"Fight or flight" - Sympathetic (coping mechanism for emergencies; sudden release of energy)
What gland secrets melatonin and where is it located?
Pineal gland; epithalamus - posterior to thalamus.
The anterior rami of S4 & S5 make up what plexus?
Coccygeal plexus/nerves
CSF is found where? and produced by whats cells?
subarachnoid space; ependymal
Damage to this nerve can be associated with carpal tunnel.
This nerve is affected when you feel the sensation of hitting your funny bone.
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Explain Repolarization of an AP.
MP goes from positive to negative. (+30Mv -> -70mV)
List 3 types of brain injuries and a brief description of each.
Concussion [temporary loss of consciousness], contusion [bruising of the brain], laceration [tearing of brain]
Also acceptable: lobotomy [removal of frontal lobe to treat anxiety, depression, ect]
What is a dermatome and myotome?
D- skin segments that relate to sensory innervation regions of the spinal nerves. (for face via Trigeminal nerve)
M- area of muscle supplied by nerve
Damage to which CN can lead to Bell's Palsy?
Damage to which CN can lead to deafness, tinnitus, ataxia, or vertigo?
VII - Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
(Cochear branch- hearing; deafness/tinnitus)
(Vestibular branch - equilibrium; ataxia;vertigo)
What is a TIA and a CVA? How are they different?
Transient ischemic attack - "mini stroke" due to impaired blood flow to brain [numbess, slurred speech, partial paralysis, double vision]
Cerebrovascular Accident - actual stroke leads to brain tissue death; two types: ischemic [blood clot]/hemorrhagic [leaky/bursted blood vessel]
use t-PA to dissolve clot
List all 5 steps to axon repair in the PNS.
1. Trauma to the neurons severs axons
2. Distal portion of the axon/myelin sheath will degenerate
3. Regeneration tube forms
4. Axon regenerates becomes myelinated again.
5. Innervation is restored
The medulla oblongata has four "centers" for homeostatic control, what are they?
Cardiac [force/rate of contractions], vasomotor [blood pressure], respiratory [breathing rate], reflex [coughing, sneezing, swallowing]
Explain all 5 steps of a reflex arc. (use proper terminology for each step!)
Sensory receptor [ex: feeling heat from putting your hand on hot stove], afferent (sensory) neuron, integration center, efferent neuron(motor), effector [ex: removing hot hand from stove as response]
Name all the sensory and motor functions of CN X
(At least 5 total)
X - Vagus nerve
sensory = proprioception
motor= swallowing, vocalizing, gag reflex, and control cardiac/smooth muscle (heart rate/peristalsis), and GI tract secretions.
What is Alzheimer's disease? What are factors/symptoms that distinguish it?
Dementia, loss of nervous tissue leads to loss of motor functions such as walking, talking, reading, writing, and eating.
Signs: Loss of neurons that release Acetylcholine, accumulation of abnormal protein plaques around neurons,
risk factors: head injury/heredity.