Neurons & Neuroglia
What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
myelinate the axons- insulation
What is the term for the rapid, temporary change in electrical potential across a neuron's membrane?
Action potential
Which meningeal layer is the outermost, providing a tough protective covering for the central nervous system?
Dura mater
Which brain structure is responsible for regulating vital functions such as heart rate and breathing?
Medulla oblongata
What is the term for the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements?
Somatic
Which type of neuroglia acts as a phagocyte to remove debris in the CNS?
Microglia
This ion is crucial for the depolarization phase of an action potential. Name it.
Sodium (Na)
What is the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater filled with cerebrospinal fluid called?
Subarachnoid space
What are the 4 main structures of the brain?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting signals related to smell?
olfactory nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
This type of neuron carries impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. What is it called?
Sensory/Afferent
Describe the steps of impulse conduction starting with a the membrane potential at rest.
Neuron membrane maintains resting potential.
Threshold stimulus is received.
Sodium channels in the trigger zone of the axon open.
Sodium ions diffuse inward, depolarizing the axon membrane.
Potassium channels in the axon membrane open.
Potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the axon membrane.
The resulting action potential causes a local electric current that stimulates the adjacent portions of the axon membrane.
A series of action potentials occurs along the axon.
What are the two enlargements found on the spinal cord?
Cervical and Lumbar
Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for processing visual information?
Occipital lobe
Name the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary body functions.
Autonomic
Name the part of a neuron responsible for receiving incoming signals from other neurons.
Dendrites
Name the process by which the resting membrane potential is restored following an action potential.
Repolarization
Spinal reflexes are controlled by what?
Reflex arch's that pass through the spinal cord. (simple and withdrawl)
Name the part of the brain that acts as the main relay station for sensory information.
Thalamus
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known for initiating the "fight or flight" response?
Sympathetic Nervous system
Which neuroglial cell type provides structural support and maintains the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocytes
What is the phenomenon called when an action potential jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next in myelinated neurons?
Saltatory Conduction
Which part of the spinal cord is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the brain?
Dorsal column
Identify the brain region that plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating the endocrine system.
Hypothalamus
What is the name of the nerve plexus that supplies nerves to the shoulder and upper limb?
Brachial plexus