Organization of Nervous System/Rando
Neural Tube Divisions
Spinal Reflex/ Spinal Cord Anatomy
Lobes
Language
100
2 divisions of efferent pathways and what do they control?
What is voluntary division: voluntary commands to skeletal muscles (behavior) and autonomic division: autonomic commands (Heart rate, sweating, salivation)
100
What are the three divisions of anterior part of the neural tube?
What are the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.
100
What is grey and white matter in the spinal cord?
Grey matter is located in the middle of the spinal cord (shaped like a butterfly) and contains the cell bodies of spinal neurons. The white matter surrounds the grey matter and contains axons which conduct information up and down the spinal cord.
100
Which lobe processes auditory information? What association areas does it involve?
What is the temporal lobe. Association areas involve recognition, object naming, and identification.
100
What is aphasia
What is a deficit in the ability to use or understand words. Occurs after damage to the left hemisphere.
200
What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
What are the parasympathetic and the sympathetic.
200
What does the rest of the neural tube become?
What is the spinal cord
200
Name the two root of the spinal cord and what neurons pass through them.
What are dorsal and ventral roots. Afferent (sensory) neurons enter the spinal cord through the dorsal root. Efferent (motor) neurons leave the spinal cord through the ventral root.
200
The primary motor cortex is in which lobe? What does this do?
What is the frontal lobe. It controls muscles in specific areas of the body.
200
What is Broca's area and what happens when damage occurs here.
Broca's area is located in the frontal lobe. Damage to this area results in slow or lost speech. The person can still read and understand language.
300
What are the two divisions of the afferent pathways and their functions?
What are conscious-conscious sensory information (sight, sound smell) and unconscious-unconscious physiological information (Blood pressure, deep body temperature).
300
What are the three divisions of the hindbrain and what are their functions?
What are the Medulla, the Pons, and the Cerebellum. The medulla and pons regulate physiological functions (breathing, circulation) and basic motor patterns (vomitting, swallowing). The cerebellum coordinates muscle activity and maintains balance.
300
What fires the action potential in the extensor muscle?
What are stretch receptors.
300
What is contralateral neglect syndrome?
Unable to recognize stimuli on one side of the body when the opposite parietal lobe is damaged.
300
What is the Wernicke's area? What does damage here do?
The Wernicke's area is in the temporal lobe. Damage here causes the inability to speak sensibly. Written or spoken language is not understood, but can still produce some speech.
400
What are the postganglion neurons of the parasympathethic and sympathetic division and their respective neurotransmitters?
What are cholinergic and acetylcholine (parasympathetic) and nonadrenergic and norepinephrine (sympathetic)
400
What part of the neural tube is the diencephalon found in? What are its divisions and their functions?
What is the forebrain. The diencephalon contains the thalamus, which is the final relay station for sensory information, and the hypothalamus, which regulates many physiological functions and many biological drives such as hunger and thirst.
400
Describe the difference between a monosynpatic and polysnpatic pathway in a knee reflex.
In a monosynaptic pathway, the sensory neuron synapses with the motor neuron in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, which causes the motor neuron to conduct an action potential to the extensor muscle. A polysnaptic pathway involves a spinal interneuron which inhibits firing in the motor neuron for the antagonistic muscle (flexor).
400
What divides the frontal and parietal lobes?
What is the central sulcus.
400
What are the two paths for spoken and written language?
Spoken-auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, Broca's area, Primary motor cortex Written-visual cortex, Angular gyrus, Wernicke's area, Broca's area, Primary motor cortex
500
Name 3 things that the parasympathetic division does and 3 things the sympathetic does?
Parasympathtic-constricts pupils, stimulates salivation, constricts airways, stimulates digestion, slows heart beat, contracts bladder Sympathtic-dilates pupils, inhibits salivation, relaxes airways, increases heart rate, inhibits digestion, inhibits activity of intestines.
500
Describe the telencephalon (part of the neural tube it comes from, divisions, functions).
The telencephalon (aka cerebrum) comes from the forebrain and contains two cerebral hemispheres-left and right. It is the largest part of the brain and plays major roles in sensory perception, memory, learning, and behavior.
500
What is the difference between extensors and flexors?
Extensors straighten or extend the limb. Flexors bend or flex the limb.
500
What does the occipital lobe do? And what do its association areas involve?
The occipital lobe receives and processes visual information. Association areas involve making sense of the visual world and translating visual experience into language.
500
Where are speech commands formulated?
What is Wernicke's area.
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