Language
Learning and Memory
Specialized Cells
Central Dogma
Random
100
Damage to which brain area causes Wernicke’s aphasia? Broca’s?
Wernicke’s - damage to superior temporal gyrus
Broca’s - damage to inferior frontal gyrus
100
What brain region is involved in spatial memory?
Hippocampus
100
What is the direction of information flow through a neuron?
dendrites --> soma --> axon --> axon terminal
100
What is the central dogma?
DNA –transcription→RNA–translation→Protein
100
What does a p-value represent?
P-value is probability that difference in data is due to chance
200
What does it mean for language to be lateralized?
One hemisphere is dominant in control of language. Language loop is in left hemisphere of 96% of RH persons and 70% of LH persons
200
What brain region is involved in nondeclarative/procedural memory?
Basal ganglia
200
How many dendrites do unipolar neurons have?
0
200
What is the function of the rough ER?
site of translation and protein synthesis for membrane-inserted proteins via ribosomes
200
What is an engram?
Group of neurons that are active during an event, activations make up a memory. After learning, partial activation of a cell assembly activates entire engram.
300
What is the Broca-Wernicke-Geschwind model of language?
Sound reaches ear → primary auditory cortex → Wernicke’s area → arcuate fasciculus → Broca’s area → primary motor cortex
300
What are the two types of amnesia and what is the difference between them?
Retrograde - inability to retrieve old memories
Anterograde - inability to form new memories
300
What are the 4 types of glia? What is a function of each?
Schwann cells - myelin sheath in PNS
Oligodendrocyte - myelin sheath in CNS
Microglia - phagocytosis of debris, small so they can move around easily
Astrocytes - BBB, regulating extracellular space
300
What does RNA polymerase do? How does it know when to start and stop?
RNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from DNA (transcription).
It starts by binding to a promoter region and terminates transcription with the presence of a stop codon.
300
What is priming?
exposure to a stimulus (word, image, sound) unconsciously influences responses to future stimuli by activating related mental concepts
400
What is the difference between Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia?
Broca’s - comprehension remains intact, difficulty with articulation and filler words, typically speech includes many nouns
Wernicke’s - fluent, nonsensical speech, comprehension more impaired
400
What are the two types of declarative memory?
Semantic - stating facts
Episodic - events
400
What are 4 functions of membranes?
1. Define boundaries with selective permeability (“semipermeable” = only let some things in)
2. Organize/localize specific functions
3. Signal Transduction: contain receptors that detect external signals
4. Allow for cell-cell contact, communication (vesicle release) & adhesion
5. Separate charge: store charge as potential energy, necessary for sending signals
400
What do microtubules do?
Make up cytoskeleton (important to structure/shape)
400
What is Hebbian Modification?
Synaptic strength increases when a presynaptic neuron repeatedly participates in firing a postsynaptic neuron (aka Hebb's Rule/Law: neurons that fire together wire together)
500
How can you tell if someone is an early or late bilingual based on fMRI scans?
Early bilinguals have overlap when speaking both languages in Broca’s area
Late bilinguals will show less overlap/more separation when speaking languages in Broca’s area
Overlap in Wernicke’s area in both
500
What are the two kinds of nonassociative procedural memory? What is the difference between them?
Habituation - decrease in response to a repeated, harmless stimulus (getting used to something)
Sensitization - increased, heightened response to a repeated, often noxious or intense stimulus
500
What is the corpus callosum made up of? What is its function?
Axons (white matter), communication between hemispheres
500
What does nucleus mean in latin?
Nut
500
Which is more rostral, Broca's area or Wernicke's?
Broca's (ITG)
