Stroke
Name 3 modifiable risk factors
- hypertension
- diabetes
- smoking
- carotid or other artery disease
- atrial fib or other dysrhythmia
- cardiac vascular disease or cardiomyopathy
- sickle cell disease or other clotting disorders
- cholesterol / diet
- physical inactivity
- ETOH and drug abuse (cocaine)
what percent of dopamine is lost before symptoms appear in Parkinson disease?
80%
Name 3 risks for bacterial meningitis
- close living quarters
- head trauma w/ basilar fracture
- otitis media
-sinusitis
- mastoiditis
- neurosurgery
- sepsis
- immunocompromised
What percent of people under the age of 35 have spinal cord injury?
65%
What controls balance, posture, and it is important for motor learning?
Cerebellum
Less than 24 hours
Why would Levodopa (L-DOPA) be prescribed to a patient with Parkinson's disease?
helps to decrease bradykinesias, gait disturbances, and postural rigidity.
What is meningitis ?
Meningitis is an inflammation in the meninges which protect the brain and the spinal cord.
What is a herniated disk?
The external cartilage is ruptured, so the interior components/ disc bulge outwards and compress the nerve root.
What group of cells with similar functions and connections in the PNS?
Ganglion cells (the neuron)
What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage and a intracerebral hemorrhage stroke?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a bleeding in the subarachnoid space of the brain.
Intracerebral hemorrhage is a bleeding inside the brain caused by a ruptured weak small artery.
Why would dimethyl fumarate (tecfidera) be prescribed to a patient with multiple sclerosis?
Reduces relapse rate and slows disease progression.
What are Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign ?
Kernig's sign: pain with extension of leg.
Brudzinski's sign: The knees are brought up when the neck is flexed.
Name this disease
- there is an initial pain in the face and behind ears.
-Paralysis of all facial muscles on one side of the face
Bell's Palsy
What happens in the ATP pump ?
3 NA ions are pumped out and 2 K+ ions are pumped into the cell.
What type of stroke is most likely due to these symptoms?
- sudden severe headache (start weeks or days before stroke)
- photophobia
-loss of consciousness
- cranial nerve deficits
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
What is multiple sclerosis?
it is an autoimmune disease affecting the myelin sheath.
What kind of meningitis are there?
Viral and bacterial meningitis.
What are some treatments for Myasthenia Gravis?
- immunosuppressive therapy
- acetylcholinesterase inhibitors - neostigmine - more acetylcholine available for receptors left
- often combined with plasmapheresis
What are the 3 different termination of transmission?
1) reuptake
2) enzymatic degradation
3) diffusion
A patient has visual defects, memory impairment, cranial never deficits. What cerebral artery is affected?
posterior cerebral artery
Guess this disease
Neurons in the basal ganglia, frontal cortex and cerebellum are destroyed. There is an excess of dopamine which produces progressive dementia and hyperkinesis.
Huntington's disease
Why would glucocorticoids be given to a patient with meningitis?
It helps to manage the effects of bacterial cell byproducts by decreasing inflammation.
When does myasthenia crisis typically occur?
During stress, pregnancy, emotional upset, alcohol ingestion, surgery, certain medications (aminoglycoside antibiotics, beta blockers)
Guess the term
uninterested in surroundings or events; sluggish in thought and motor activities; does not engage spontaneously in activities.
Lethargic