Cortex and Blood Flow
Controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories
What are the big takeaways from the brainstem?
The brainstem regulates vital functions for the body
It is the conduit between the cortex and cerebellum and spinal cord
Regulates and modifies movements particularly reflexive/protective movements
What are the afferent signals in Neurotransmitters?
Glutamate, Ach, Serotonin
What works in conjunction with the cerebellum?
Basal Ganglia
What is the Thalamus?
Acts as a selective filter for cortex. It directs attention to important information by regulating flow of information
Patients with quick impulsive behaviors, poor judgement, and difficulty with perceiving emotions might have had what kind of brain injury?
Right Brain Injury
The medulla is the inferior portion of the brainstem. What are some of the important features of the medulla?
Pyramids = pyramidal decussation, motor tracts
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus = Coordinates eye and head movements
Inferior Olivary Nucleus = receives input from motor areas of brain and SC, then project to cerebellum; perception of time, comparing intention of performance with output
Akinesia, Rigidity, Postural Unsteadiness, Resting Tumor, Freezing during movement, Depression
What is the Flocculonodular Lobe?
The most primitive part that is primarily associated with the vestibular system. It receives inputs from vestibular neurons. It projects to lateral vestibular nuclei
In the thalamic nuclei, what does the Relay group convey?
Conveys information from sensory system, basal ganglia, or cerebellum to cortex
If there is a lesion in the primary visual cortical area, what would the patient present with?
Homonymous Hemianopia
Which neuromodulator is the most active when awake, produces epinephrine, and regulates autonomic function
Locus coeruleus and medial reticular area
Inhibits neurons from putamen (No-Go pathway), facilitating movement
What are the 3 functional regions in the Cerebellum?
(Not lobes)
Midline Vermis, Paravermis, Lateral Hemisphere
If there is damage to the amygdala, what would that present as?
Flat affect, inability to interpret facial expressions of emotions
Hydrocephalus leads to a blockage of CSF, what would result from this?
Pressure builds up in the ventricles, leading to pressure build up in the brain
(Include the definition)
Dysphagia - Impaired Swallowing
Dysarthria - Impaired motor function of speaking
Diplopia - Double vision
Dysmetria - Impaired ability to control distance and speed of movements
What are the 5 Circuitry Loops?
1. Predict future events
2. Select desired behaviors and prevent undesired behaviors
3. Motor Learning
4. Shifting attention
5. Spatial working memory
If there is damage to the Vermis, what clinical presentations would you see?
Will affect primarily the medical motor systems. You would see more truncal ataxia
Which hypothalamus nuclei is involved with heat loss, drinking, sleep, water balance, circadian rhythm and parasympathetic function?
Anterior Hypothalamic Nuclei
An infarction of the middle cerebral artery would lead to
Contralateral motor and sensory deficits
Speech and language disorders
How does the Medial Medullary Syndrome present?
What artery is affected from this syndrome?
Ipsilateral tongue paralysis
Contralateral motor loss, loss of proprioception, position sense and vibration
Anterior Spinal Artery
What is Hemiballismus?
A hyperkinetic disorder that presents with large amplitude movements and also has rapid and unpredictable flailing movements of contralateral limb
What is the function of the Cerebrocerebellum?
Motor planning for extremities; role over distal limb movements
It is involved in learning, memory, emotion, and social behaviors