Chemical Senses
What are the 5 basic tastes?
sweet, salty, sour, umami, bitter
Rank the following types of medical imaging from least non-ionizing to most ionizing
radiowaves - microwaves - infrared - visible ultraviolet - x-rays - gamma rays
What are the three (triad) of symptoms for ICP?
headache
vomiting
papilledema
List the 3 types of CVAs (strokes)
ischemic, hemorrhagic, transient ischemic attack
Are CNS tumors in children located infratentorially or supratentorially?
infratentorially
What is the term for the inability to smell?
what do fluoroscopies assess?
digestive issues
swallowing issues
bowel/bladder issues
What are the four functions of CSF?
What are the two most common causes of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs)? AND Which populations are impacted the most?
motor vehicle accidents and falls (other causes: sports, violence)
most injuries occur to people aged 0-4, 15-19, and 65+ with balance problems
What is the most common brain tumor in adults?
Gliomas
what is the pathway for taste?
afferent from tongue/epliglottis - gustatory nucleus - ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) - gustatory cortex
what do x-rays assess?
bone fractures
dislocation
osteoporosis
bone cancer
narrowed joints
What is the average adult capacity of CSF? AND How much CSF is produced daily?
130-150mL
600-700mL
Which ischemic stroke type occurs when a blood vessel narrows and limits the amount of blood that can get through the vessel and to the brain. It is usually from cholesterol plaque buildup.
thrombotic
What can trigger an autoimmune response?
exact cause is unknown
virus or bacteria
adverse response to drug
Why are humans weak smells compared to other animals?
What do ultrasounds (sonography) assess?
abdominal and pelvic organs
heart functions
blood vessels
density of nerves
muscles and tendons
The options below are all examples of where obstructions occur for non-communicating hydrocephalus, which one is the most common?
1. atresia (closure) of 4th ventricle opening at foramen of Magendie
2. cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
3. atresia (closure) of lateral opening at foramine of Luchka
2. cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
Raccoon eyes, bruising behind the ear, and CSF drainage from ear to nose are symptoms of which skull fracture type?
Basilar
Which autoimmune condition causes a pattern of weakness to progress from the head/face/eyes?
Myasthenia Gravis
What is the pathway for olfactory senses?
olfactory receptors - olfactory bulb - olfactory tract - olfactory tubercle - medial dorsal nucleus (MDN) - orbitofrontal cortex
olfactory receptors - olfactory bulb - olfactory tract - bypass olfactory tubercle - olfactory cortex/other temporal lobe structures
what do CT scans assess?
tumors
blood clots
internal bleeding
organ injuries/damage
tissue or fluid biopsy
What is the pH for CSF and the pH for blood? Which is more acidic?
CSF pH = 7.32
blood pH = 7.38-7.42
CSF = MORE acidic
Out of the following, decide which are considered primary vs secondary types of TBI damage.
hypoxic-ischemic damage / lacerations / hemorrhage / hematoma / contusions / diffuse axonal injury / cerebral edema / seizures / skull fractures
primary: lacerations, contusions, skull fractures, diffuse axonal injury
secondary: hemorrhage, hematoma, cerebral edema, hypoxic-ischemic damage, seizures
Which tumor type and grade level is described below: grows slowly / no well-defined borders / most often occurs in adults 20-40
astrocytoma - grade 2