Cranial Nerves
What modality is CNXI?
SVE
What is the main function of CSF, and what produces it?
Support and cushion the brain, made by choroid plexus
The _______ labyrinth follows most of the contours of the ______ labyrinth.
Membranous, bony
Normal age-related changes observed in late adulthood is currently hypothesized to be due to changes in the _____ _____.
List the type(s) of memory the hippocampus is responsible for and provide definition.
Declarative (explicit) memory: known facts/events that are being actively recalled
Where do postganglionic neurons from the dorsal motor nucleus live?
In the wall of the target organ
The pons receives blood from which vessel(s)?
Basilar artery and pontine branches
In the vestibular system, hair cells project into the endolymphatic membranous labyrinth (apically/basally), and release NT to excite CNVIII (apically/basally)
Apically, basally
Myelination typically begins in the _____ nerves at the ___th week of gestation
Differentiate the function of the corpus callosum and association bundles
Corpus callosum: form connections between cerebral hemispheres
Association bundles: form connections within cerebral hemispheres
This nucleus is involved with these two modalities for CN VII, IV, and V
Solitary nucleus, SA and GVA
Which type of hemorrhage occurs most frequently with trauma/skull fracture?
Epidural hemorrhage
Name the types of acceleration detected by the a) semicircular canals, b) utricles, and c) saccules.
a) angular, b) horizontal, c) vertical
Describe the effects of long term potentiation on the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
Presynaptic - increased release of neurotransmitter
Postsynaptic - increased sensitivity to neurotransmitter
Your client has had an aneurysm that disrupted flow to their left cerebellum. What general symptoms would you expect to see, and on which side of the body?
Striated muscles that are innervated by SVE modality nerves derive from this structure
Branchial arches
Name what the anterior and posterior vasculature systems supply and what they arise from
Anterior: most of cerebral hemispheres; internal carotid arteries
Posterior: brainstem and other medial structures; vertebral arteries
State the purpose of the VOR
To allow fixation on an object even though the head is moving
Consumption of alcohol and cocaine can increase the release of _______ in the nucleus accumbens, leading to decreased release of ______ which typically signals satiety.
Dopamine; serotonin
As a result of a stroke, a man has aphasia and is struggling to get his words out. You offer pencil and paper for him to write his thoughts, and he is able to communicate his ideas though his handwriting is hard to read. What type of aphasia does he likely have? What lobe was affected by his stroke?
Broca’s aphasia
Frontal lobe
Your tongue has lost all function in every way. List the cranial nerves affected, the modalities included, and associated nuclei and ganglions.
CNVII facial n.: SA, solitary nucleus, geniculate ganglion
CNIX glossopharyngeal n.: SA, GVA, solitary nucleus, inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion
CNXII hypoglossal n.: GSE, hypoglossal nucleus
Outline ventricular flow starting with the lateral ventricles and ending with the superior sagittal sinus
Lateral ventricles → interventricular foramen → third ventricle → cerebral aqueduct → 4th ventricle → foramen of luschka (2) and foramen of magendie (1) → subarachnoid space → arachnoid granulations/villi → superior sagittal sinus
Movement towards the tallest ______ results in ______ neurotransmitter release, and movement away from the tallest ______ results in _______ neurotransmitter release.
Stereocilium, increased; stereocilium, decreased
List what the five secondary vesicles develop into in the brain
Telencephalon → cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon → thalamus and hypothalamus
Mesencephalon → midbrain
Metencephalon → pons and cerebellum
Myelencephalon → medulla
Name the three divisions of the cerebellum and their functions.
Spinocerebellum: coordinates muscles in trunk and limbs.
Cerebrocerebellum: initiating movements and coordinating fine motor movements
Vestibulocerebellum: maintains balance via muscles of neck and back