Types of Aphasia
Describe Broca's Aphasia
Short phrases; Single words; MCA/Broca’s Area; Spastic paralysis of arm & face; Apraxia; Trouble repeating
Describe Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Like Broca’s Aphasia; But can repeat; Damage is just outside of Broca’s Area; ACA
What are the pharyngeal arches?
Pharyngeal arches are swellings out of the neural tube. The cranial nerve and related structures come from the neural tube.
What happens to the neurons once they arrive at the intended spot?
Sprout dendrites & axons
Explain Left Neglect
How the L and R hemisphere provide attention
L hemisphere pays attention to R world and body; R hemisphere pays attention to L world/body AND some of R body as well
What might happen to attention if a patient experiences damage to the right hemisphere (left neglect).
Reduced or total lack of awareness of body/world on L side after R hemisphere brain injury
NOT visual loss; right brain hemisphere is doing extra work causing there to be no backup to pay attention to the L world
Describe Wernicke's Aphasia
Nonsense grammar; Difficulty following directions; Trouble repeating; Meyer’s Loop -> “pie in the sky”; Loss of feeling in right body/face; MCA/Wernicke’s Area
Describe Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Similar to Wernicke’s Aphasia; But can repeat because the damage is just outside of Wernicke’s Area
What is a zygote? Explain cell division and differentiation.
Zygote: when sperm meets egg
Cells divide into more cells (2 to 4 & 4 to 8 -etc.)
Differentiation is the process of cells taking unique shapes and jobs
What begins to form between the neurons?
Synapses
Describe Conduction Aphasia
Main trouble repeating & Can understand and talk in long sentences because the damage is between Broca’s & Wernicke’s Areas but no damage to either area.
Why is Alexia without Agraphia NOT Aphasia?
Aphasia: trouble understanding symbols and producing symbols (language problem)
Alexia without agraphia: is a stroke in the back part of the brain, not a language problem (language is left hemisphere in the frontal/temporal lobe). AwA is damage to the left occipital lobe (vision loss) and back of the corpus callosum (have a connection problem). Not a language problem. Vision loss = can only see the left side of the page, and cannot see anything on the right field of vision.
Week 3: neural plate forms
Week 4: neural plate wraps around to form neural tube
Week 6: ends of the neural tube close; Doral induction- neural tube closes from middle, top to bottom
What is the process known as synaptogenesis?
Synaptogenesis: neurons grow axons/dendrites & create synapses
Problems in forming synapses can lead to too many or too small gyri (hills in the brain)
What is Apraxia?
damage to brain areas for planning and programming
Symptoms: trouble imitating movement, variable articulation errors, better automatic speech
Common Causes (etiology): TBI, CVA, dementia, brain tumors
Describe Global Aphasia
Severe; Mixture of both Wernicke’s & Broca’s Aphasias; Difficulty producing words & trouble understanding; The damage is along the arcuate fasciculus from Broca’s Area to Wernicke’s Area
What is a Central Pattern Generator? What is the Reticular Activating System?
Central Pattern Generators are life functions like heart rate, digestion, breathing, and swallowing.
RAS is a bundle of nerves in the brain that regulates wakefulness and sleep
Also facilitates attention and sensation
What is Spina Bifida?
cyst on back that may or may not involve the spinal cord
What does synaptic pruning eliminate?
unneeded connections
Explain the overall function of the cerebellar peduncles
fixes movement error to create more skilled patterns of movement (soccer)
1. The plan for how to move comes into the cerebellum through the middle bridge (aka middle
cerebellar peduncle).
2. How the body performed (results) comes into the cerebellum through the bottom bridge (aka
inferior cerebellar peduncle). Cerebellum compares plan to results and creates feedback on how
to fix the errors.
3. Cerebellum sends feedback to the brain out of the top bridge (aka superior cerebellar peduncle).
Describe Anomic Aphasia
Mild form of aphasia; difficulty retrieving words; left side of the brain is damaged
Begins with the hippocampus (start at the red), sends a signal via fornix (red arch) to mammillary bodies (which are part of the hypocampus), thalamus (nearly everything goes through thalamus), cingulate cortex, then from cingulate cortex to other cortical areas and back to the hippocampus
This means that your experience can influence your memory and constantly being adapted when recalled. Memory can be flexible and influenced.
What is Anencephaly? What is Encephalocele?
Anencephaly: brain development ceases at brainstem; child without cerebral hemispheres
Encephalocele: when part of the brain protrudes from the skull
What can failure in this stage result in?
polymicrogyria
too many gyri in the cerebral hemisphere
Describe Locked-in syndrome
Large stroke in the pons
Blocks all movement, except potential eye movement (CN 3 and 4 - located above the stroke in the midbrain).