Animal Welfare
Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS
Diseases
Pharmacology/Chemical NT
Behavior
100
This law, passed in 1966, established minimum standards for animal treatment and care.
What is the Animal Welfare Act?
100
Name two organs/structures that are always under sympathetic stimulation.
What are the adrenal medulla, sweat glands, most blood vessels, arrector pili muscles, and lymph nodes?
100
This type of receptor is present on both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.
What are cholinergic (nicotinic) receptors?
100
Overactive bladder is caused by a hyperactivation of this signal.
What are parasympathetic signals?
100
These molecules transmit signals between neurons across a synapse.
What is a neurotransmitter?
100
The dog above is showing this emotion.
What is excitement?
200
On the 4th of July, fireworks going off in the distance spook a dog, who hides under the bed. The fireworks are an example of this.
What is a stressor?
200
This type of receptor agonist contracts smooth muscle.
What is an a1 receptor agonist?
200
These three parasympathetic muscarinic receptors are excitatory.
What are M1, M3 and M5?
200
This disease is caused by degeneration of the autonomic nerves.
What is dysautonomia?
200
This neurotransmitter is commonly associated with reward and motivation.
What is dopamine?
200
This process describes how animals learn to communicate and interact with humans, other animals, and their environment.
What is socialization?
300
This Freedom states that animals should have sufficient space, proper facilities, and company with the same species.
What is the Freedom to Express Normal Behavior?
300
Draw the typical sympathetic 2 neuron chain and label the neurotransmitters released.
300
Draw the typical parasympathetic 2 neuron chain and label the neurotransmitters released.
300
These are two of the common signs of Horner's syndrome. (name any two)
What is miosis (pupil constriction), enophthalmos (sunken eyes), ptosis (lid drooping), and facial anhidrosis (loss of sweating)?
300
List the three amino acid neurotransmitters and label excitatory/inhibitory.
1. GABA - inhibitory
2. Glutamate - excitatory
3. Glycine - inhibitory
300
This type of learning occurs when a voluntary behavior is shaped by the consequence.
What is operant conditioning?
400
Examples of this include excessive grooming, pacing, or repetitive behaviors and usually indicate a sign of distress in animals.
What is a stereotypical or displacement behavior?
400
This pathway occurs when the preganglionic fiber passes through the sympathetic trunk, travels along the splanchnic nerve and synapses at a collateral ganglion.
What is pathway C?
400
Preganglionic cell bodies originate from these four cranial nerves.
What are CN III, VII, IX and X?
400
This disease causes an increase in sympathetic signals, causing a racing heartbeat, sweating, high blood pressure, etc.
What is a pheochromocytoma?
400
Fluoxetine primarily affects this neurotransmitter by inhibiting its reuptake.
What is serotonin?
400
A dog that jumps on visitors stops receiving attention when it jumps, and eventually the behavior disappears. This is an example of this behavioral process.
What is negative punishment? (taking something away to decrease the behavior)
500
You are giving a physical exam to a German Shepherd at your clinic, who starts panting and struggling while being restrained. While being handled, the Shepherd is undergoing this kind of stress.
What is acute distress?
500
Pathway B has sympathetic fibers in these regions on the spinal cord (must get both to be correct).
What is T1-T4 and T11-upper L?
500
In arteries, M3 receptors are present on these cells and release this. (Must get both to get credit)
What are endothelial cells and nitric oxide.
500
In Horner's syndrome, a lesion can be found in these three locations.
What is:
a. Thoracic spinal cord
b. Cervical ganglion
c. Neurons innervating eyes, face, and blood vessels
500
These receptors are activated by certain drugs (ex. dexmedetomidine) to reduce norepinephrine release.
What are a2-adrenergic receptors?
500
This is the best time to socialize your new puppy or kitten. (give both for full credit)
When is 2-8 weeks for kittens and 3-12 weeks for puppies?
600
These are the three systems involved in the stress response.
What is:
1. Behavioral
2. Autonomic nervous system
3. Neuroendocrine system
600
Describe the response and name the corresponding receptor for each of the following organs:
a. Heart
b. Lungs
c. Arteries and veins
d. Eye
e. Bladder
f. GI tract
What is:
a. Heart - increase HR, B1
b. Lungs - bronchodilation, B2
c. Arteries and veins - increase or decrease BP, A1 and B2
d. Eye - dilate (contract radial muscles), A1
e. Bladder - bladder filling, A1 and B3
f. GI tract - decrease motility, A1 and B2
600
Describe the response and name the corresponding receptor for each of the following organs:
a. Heart
b. Lungs
c. Arteries
d. Eye
e. Bladder
What is:
a. Heart - decrease HR, M2
b. Lungs - Bronchoconstriction, M3
c. Arteries - dilate vessels, M3
d. Eye - constrict pupils (contract circular muscle), M3
e. Bladder - contract detrusor muscle (bladder emptying), M3
600
A horse is presented with dilated pupils that do not constrict in response to light, difficulty swallowing, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and urinary retention. Neurologic testing suggests widespread degeneration of autonomic neurons affecting multiple organ systems. You (being the fantastic doctor you are) diagnose the horse with this disease.
What is equine dysautonomia?
600
This dopamine pathway makes up over 70% of dopamine neurons and is responsible for motor control.
What is the nigrostriatal pathway?
600
A dog becomes anxious and destructive whenever his owner prepares to leave the house, since he has learned that the owner picking up their keys and grabbing their wallet means he will be left alone. This is an example of this learning method.
What is classical conditioning?