Cranial Nerves
Reflexes
Memory
Memory 2
Attention/Executive Function
100
What cranial nerves are involved with eye movement?
III, IV; VI
100
What seems to be the general significance of reflexes? (i.e. what is the problem if they remain after they are gone)
If the reflexes are still present after they should be gone, it indicates a cortical problem.
100
What are the three stages of memory?
1. Sensory Memory 2. Working Memory 3. Long-term Memory
100
Episodic memory is stored in the _________________, while lexical memory is stored in the __________________.
Temporal Lobe; Angular Gyrus
100
What are the 6 subcomponents of attention?
1. Arousal; 2. Focused Attention; 3. Sustained Attention 4. Selective Attention; 5. Alternating Attention; 6. Divided Attention
200
Locked in Syndrome occurs secondary to a stroke at the pons. Which cranial nerves are SPARED?
I, II, III, IV (maybe), and VIII
200
Describe the galant reflex AND state around what age should it disappear by.
If you stroke an infants back, it will arch; should disappear by 2 months.
200
Declarative and ______________ are the two divisions of LTM.
Non-declarative
200
The hippocampus and diencephalon are critical for what type of learning?
Declarative
200
Derek is a 13 year old boy with a enthusiastic and adventorous personality. One day, Derek asked to go over to his friend's house to hang out. After watching a few movies, Derek and his friend decided it would be fun to ride a 4-wheeler around the yard without any helmets on. They went up hills and whipped around corners of the yard. After 25 minutes of fun, Derek flips the 4-wheeler and fractures his wrist. After finding out Derek broke his wrist, his mom wonders how could be so careless. What is your reasoning for Derek's carelessness? Will he grow out of these behaviors?
His pre-frontal cortex is still developing so he lacks executive function skills such as planning, problem-solving, and thinking about consequences for his actions. As he ages, he should begin to develop better EF skills to prevent these types of things from happening.
300
How would you assess cranial nerve V?
You could have the patient move his/her mandible from left to right and right to left; you could also use a tongue depressor to determine if there is any sensation on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
300
Describe both the gag and bite reflex. Which one commonly reoccurs with ABI?
If you put pressure on baby's gums, they will bite down (bite); Posterior pharyngeal walls get stimulated and the larynx and diaphragm will elevate, mouth opens, and head extends (gag); bite reflex commonly reoccurs with ABI
300
What do we mean by double dissociation?
Well known literature about memory states that one area of memory can be lost while another is spared
300
Why does executive function have to be involved with memory?
We need to be able to FOCUS/ATTEND on something in order to REMEMBER it.
300
Debrah is a 56-year old client at the NIU Speech,Language,Hearing Clinic. She is coming to you post-TBI secondary to an automobile accident. After viewing the MRI, you realize that she has significant damage to her frontal lobe, specifically her pre-frontal cortex. Before your first therapy session, you want to write down some things you feel Debrah will struggle with. 1. What types of things will she struggle with?
-planning -goal setting -self-awareness -self-regulation -reasoning -lack of attention -impulse control
400
John came into the ER complaining of lack of sensation and motoric abilities on the left side of his face, but also on the right side of his body. Testing confirms a differential diagnosis of a stroke in the brainstem. Why is the damage to his head ipsilateral, but the damage to his body contralateral?
The damage to the head is ipsilateral because the fibers haven't decussated at medulla yet; however, once the fibers decussate it causes contralateral deficits to the rest of the body.
400
Evan is a 3.5 year old boy who presents with symptoms of weakness, hyperreflexia, increased tone, and infantile reflexes. When you come in for the evaluation with the PT and OT, you notice that Evan's movements are very "jerky" and he has trouble walking and picking up small objects, such as a lego. Based on the symptoms, you would classify Evan as having ________________ due to a lesion on the ______________?
spastic cerebral palsy; lesion on cortex
400
Given the choices: episodic, lexical, semantic, and emotional, which of those is not considered declarative memory?
Emotional
400
Camren is 35-year-old man who fell and experienced head trauma after being unconscious for a little less than an hour. He was unable to remember events from his past that occurred roughly 5 years prior-present. He often showed signs of spontaneous speech that was sometimes incoherent. When he saw his family and friends, he was shocked at how old they looked because he remembered them from 5 years earlier. Incredibly, he still retains the ability to write his name without any problems. What is his diagnosis; where is the damage? Why can he still write his name?
1. Camren has Retrograde Amnesia; damage is located in temporal lobe and/or frontal lobe (based on speech difficulties). 2. He had no damage to his cerebellum (neocerebellum), so his procedural memory stayed intact. This allowed him to write his name without any issues.
400
Skip ahead a week: During your first therapy session, Deborah starts to throw things around the room and says inappropriate things to others. Are these behaviors expected? Why or why not?
These behaviors would be expected due to the nature of her TBI. She has limited impulse control, self-regulation, and reasoning skills, so she probably is unaware of what she is doing.
500
After examining a pt, you notice that she has significant facial droopiness stemming from weakened facial muscles. Pt reveals she had a cold a few days prior, and that the symptoms had a sudden onset. Dx is Bell's Palsy; what cranial nerve is affected?
VII
500
What do we mean by neurological "soft signs"? What is a common neurological soft sign?
The child or adult has cortical damage/deficit but we can’t pinpoint where the damage is at; a common neurological soft sign is a toe walk, which can be indicative of Autism.
500
Name the neuroanatomical areas associated with learning in relation to the specific types of memory: 1. Episodic, 2. Lexical, 3. Semantic, 4. Emotional Associations
1. hippocampus, diencephalon, medial temproal lobe, 2. hippocampus & diencephalon, 3. hippocampus & diencephalon, 4. limbic system
500
What is happening at the cellular level for memory formation and storage?
Long-term Potentiation
500
Define focused attention, sustained attention, and divided attention:
Ability to focus on anything and react accordingly; ability to sustain attention over time; ability to do two things at once
M
e
n
u