What did he say? He said they're selling chocolate!
Middle ear reflexes are activated by sounds that have these 3 characteristics
What are long, loud, and low?
The ear reflexes are bilateral and too slow for sudden noises
Slide 13
This cell is considered to be the CNS resident macrophage
What are microglia?
Cerebellar microglia express more immune response genes compared to cortical and striatal microglia
Slide 7
A lesion on the right side of the cerebellum would produce symptoms on this side of the body
What is the right side?
Slide 18
This is the brain's primary fuel source under normal conditions
What is glucose?
Slide 8
50 to 70% of all NTDs can be prevented by maternal use of this supplement prior to and during pregnancy
What is folic acid?
Slide 5
The outer ear boosts sounds around this frequency
What is ~3kHz?
Human speech range
Slide 5
What is synaptic pruning?
Slide 8
These two cerebellar peduncles serve as the inputs to the cerebellum
What are the middle and inferior peduncles?
Slide 7
Along with fMRIs, this other imaging modality leverages brain energy metabolism to map activity
What is a PET scan?
PET: Uses 18F-FDG and looks for accumulations
fMRI: Measures blood-oxygen-level-dependent signals
Slide 40
A prenatal diagnostic approach in detecting open neural tube defects is to test the maternal serum for this protein
What is alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)?
AFP is produced by the fetal liver and only gets into the maternal circulation when there is a direct opening in the fetal skin or neural tissue
Meningocele -> closed
Myelomeningocele -> open
Slide 20
Perilymph is rich in this ion
What is sodium?
Endolymph is rich in potassium
Slide 15
Type 2 interferons have this effect on BBB permeability
What is increase permeability?
Recruit other inflammatory cells that secrete inflammatory cytokines, especially CXCL10
Type 1: decrease permeability
Type 3: act like type 1
Slide 18
In this test, the patient tries to remain upright while their heels are together and eyes are closed
What is the Romberg test?
Loss of proprioception
Slide 34
In times of high neuronal activity, neurons preferentially use this astrocyte derived molecule as their primary oxidative fuel source
What is lactate?
Neurons have low glycolytic activity and thus in times of high neuronal activity they take up and use lactate provided by astrocytes
Slides 23-25
This neural tube defect may present with a tuft of hair or dimple over the defect
What is spina bifida occulta?
Slide 11
The vestibulo-ocular reflex uses this tract to project fibers to the nuclei of CNs 3, 4, and 6
What is the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)?
Slide 30
These 2 chemokines drive immune surveillance in the CNS
What are CCL19 and CCL20?
CCL19 and CCL21 regulate access from the perivascular space to the brain parenchyma during inflammation
Slide 14
A lesion in this functional area of the cerebellum would result in dysdiadochokinesia
What is the cerebrocerebellum?
Slide 21
Glycogen in the brain is almost exclusively stored in this cell
What are astrocytes?
Slide 15
In this lethal neural tube defect, there is a failure of closure along the entire neural tube
What is craniorachischisis?
Slide 13
This second-order neuron in the central auditory pathway bypasses the superior olivary nucleus and instead synapses on the contralateral inferior colliculus
What is the dorsal acoustic stria?
There are 3 second-order neurons (ventral, intermediate, and dorsal):
- Ventral (trapezoid body) goes to both superior olivary nuclei
- Intermediate goes to both the superior olivary nucleus and nuclei of the lateral lemniscus
- Dorsal bypasses the superior olivary nucleus
The superior olivary nucleus is the earliest binaural integration spot, thus the dorsal stria is labeled as monaural
Slide 24
Leukocyte migration into the CSF occurs through these 2 routes (probably)
What are the choroid plexus and perivascular space?
Slide 12
This afferent tract transmits proprioceptive impulses from muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors of the upper limb and upper thorax
What is the cuneocerebellar tract?
Dorsal spinocerebellar: Lower limbs and trunk
Ventral spinocerebellar: Upper and lower limbs
Olivocerebellar: Whole body via relay in inferior olive
Slide 22
This fuel source for the brain has a potential therapeutic use in treating epilepsy
What are ketone bodies?
Slides 36, 38-39
In this neural tube defect, the meninges, brain tissue, and part of the ventricles will herniate through a bony defect in the skull
What is a meningohydroencephalocele?
Most commonly seen in the occipital lobe (western countries)
Meningocele -> meninges
Meningoencephalocele -> meninges + brain tissue
Meningohydroencephalocele -> meninges + brain tissue + ventricle
Slide 16