What is Ependymal cells, ciliated simple columnar cells
100
Name three exogenous migraine trigger factors
What is:
Foods
Alcohol (red wine)
Drugs (vasodilators, estrogens, nitrates)
Bright light
Stress
Allergens
Noise
Climate
Odors
100
This NT is increased in anxiety, and decreased in depression
What is Norepinephrine
100
Adjunct agent to L-dopa in treatment of Parkinson's disease
What is Selegiline
200
Seen in the elderly, alcoholics, shaken baby
What is Subdural hematoma
200
Glial tissue that helps prevent bacterial infection from spreading into the CNS, also restricts drug delivery to brain
What is astrocytes
200
Name the aphasia:
Non-fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension
What is Global aphasia, both Broca and Wernicke areas affected
200
Destruction to this hypothalamic area leads to hyperphagia
What is Ventromedial area
200
Large myelinated fibers mediating 'Fast pain'
Delta fibers
300
Name two congenital disorders that predispose a patient to Subarachnoid hemorrhage
What is Marfan Syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, ADPKD
300
The most common cancers to spread to the brain? (3)
What is:
Breast cancer
Lung cancer
Kidney cancer
300
Name that tumor-
This tumor involves cranial or spinal nerves, esp 8th CN @ Cerebello-Pontine Angle
Presents with loss of hearing, tinnitus
What is Schwannoma, benign tumor of Schwann cells, S100 positive, bilateral tumors are often seen in NF2
300
GCS of 9-13
What is
Moderate TBI
300
Small, polymodal, unmyelinated fibers
C fibers
400
What are the histological features seen 12-48 hours after an ischemic event in the brain?
What is Red Neurons
400
Describe the appearance/location of 'typical' metastatic brain tumors on imaging
What is
multiple, well-circumscribed lesions most often at the grey-white junction
400
Name that tumor-
Most common benign tumor;
F>M
This tumor expresses estrogen receptors
Psammoma bodies within tumor
What is Meningioma
400
Following an episode of severe head trauma incurred in a motorcycle accident, an 18-year-old woman is noted to have decerebrate posturing. Funduscopic examination reveals marked bilateral papilledema. A CT scan of the head reveals marked diffuse cerebral edema from an increase in sodium and water content. There is effacement of lateral ventricles. This edema is most likely to be severest in which parts of the brain?
What is White matter
The greatest amount of salt and water increase with cerebral edema occurs within white matter
400
What NT does UMN release to stimulate LMN
What is Glutamate
500
Describe the role of tPA, when is it used, what is its mode of action (4 main steps)?
What is Ischemic stroke, if within 3-4.5 hrs of onset and no hemorrhage/risk of hemorrhage.
1. tPA binds to fibrin on the surface of the clot
2. Activates fibrin-bound plasminogen
3. Plasmin is cleaved from the plasminogen associated with the fibrin
4. Fibrin molecules are broken apart by the plasmin and the clot dissolves
500
Describe the difference in location of brain tumors arising in adults vs. children
What is
Adults-generally occur ABOVE tentorium
Children- generally occur beneath tentorium
500
Name that tumor-
Usually arises in cerebral hemispheres, crosses corpus collosum, Pseudopallisading necrosis on microscopy
What is Glioblastoma Multiforme
500
A stroke in this area will result in vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus. Decr. pain and temp sensation from ipsilateral face and contralateral body, dysphagia, hoarseness, decr. gag reflex
What is PICA
500
Dilation of the central canal or cystic cavity within the spinal cord that disrupts nerve fibers as it enlarges