Memory & Cognition
This type of memory holds information temporarily for manipulation
What is working memory?
The state called emotional lability.
What is rapid and uncontrolled mood swings?
This aphasia involves non-fluent speech but preserved comprehension?
What is Broca's Aphasia?
The difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.
What is Oligodendrocytes = CNS myelin, multiple axons; Schwann = PNS, single axon.
This lobe processes vision.
One memory type is conscious recall of facts/events; and the other is unconscious skill-based memory.
What is the difference between declarative and procedural memory?
This happens to the immune system during prolonged stress.
What is it becomes suppressed, increasing vulnerability to illness?
What is the right hemisphere?
These are the main sensory and motor tracts and where they cross.
DCML (medulla), spinothalamic (spinal cord), corticospinal (medullary pyramids)
These are the main functions of the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
What is Midbrain = vision/motor relay; pons = bridge to cerebellum; medulla = pyramidal decussation - CN nuclei.
These are two types of amnesia and how they differ.
What are anterograde (inability to form new memories) and retrograde (loss of past memories)?
The three prefrontal association areas and their functions.
What is the Lateral prefrontal cortex (goal directed), Medial prefrontal cortex (emotions, social emotional), Ventral prefrontal cortex(memory,emotions)?
Match the disorder: difficulty reading = __, writing = __, planning movement = __.
What is Alexia, agraphia, and apraxia?
This phase of the action potential occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing a rapid influx of sodium ions into the neuron.
What is depolarization?
This is the main functions of the cerebellum and basal ganglia.
What is coordinates and refines movement, the basal ganglia decreases extraneous movement, while the cerebellum facilitates movement.
These are four neurotransmitters involved in consciousness.
What are serotonin (general arousal level), dopamine (motivation and cognition), norepinephrine (attention), acetylcholine(goal based attention)?
These cause dopamine release or prevent reuptake, hijacking natural motivation systems.
How do addictive substances alter the reward-seeking pathway?
This aphasia includes fluent speech, poor comprehension, and poor repetition.
What is wernicke's aphasia?
During this phase, the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential due to continued potassium efflux before potassium channels fully close.
What is hyperpolarization?
This structure is reponsible for encoding working memory into long term memory.
What is the hippocampus?
The four types of attention and their differences.
Orienting = focusing;
divided = multitasking;
selective = filtering;
sustained = prolonged focus;
switching = task shifting.
The structures of the limbic system.
What are the amygdala, area 25, anterior insula, medial prefrontal cortex, ventral striatum, medial group of the thalamic nuclei?
In this disorder a patient has fluent speech but cannot repeat phrases.
What is Conduction aphasia?
This is the order of sensory loss when a limb "falls asleep"?
Conscious proprioception/light touch → cold → fast pain → heat → slow pain.
This lobe is reponsible for hearing processing and language processing.
What is the temporal lobe?