Frye et al.
What were the three categories of participants?
Those who responded to antidepressants, those who didn’t respond to antidepressants, and those who exhibited treatment emergent affective switching.
What anxiety disorder is characterized by obsessions and behavioral rituals called compulsions?
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
Which is the National suicide and crisis lifeline of the U.S.?
988
Substance use disorder is not treatable: true or false
False
Name three symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder?
Anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating. • Sleep disturbances. • Heightened startle response. • Panic attacks. • Recurring flashbacks and nightmares about the event.
What significant difference was observed in the mania rating scale across the three groups of participants?
Mania ratings, even during depressive episodes, were higher in the group of participants that went on to develop treatment emergent affective switching relative to the other two groups.
What region of the brain is overactivated in anxiety disorders?
Amygdala
What are the differences between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder?
The manic episodes in bipolar I are more severe than the hypomanic episodes in bipolar II. Bipolar II patients can be depressed for longer periods.
What percentage of vulnerability for substance use disorder is attributed to genetics?
40-60%
What is fear conditioning?
When a type of memory in which fear is associated with a previously neutral stimulus.
What was the STEP-BD program and what was its goal?
It was a long term outpatient study consisting of more than 4,000 participants. It wished to determine which treatment or combination of treatments are most effective in treating bipolar disorder.
What combination of treatments is particularly beneficial in anxiety patients?
Talk therapy, specifically (cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT), and medication is a very effective combination of treatments.
Name two treatments for depression.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
Antidepressant medication
Talk therapy
Disorders of this nature are most predominantly observed across what demographic?
Younger populations: 18-25 years old
Name a psychedelic-assisted therapy for PTSD.
MDMA/Psilocybin.
Which three behavioral responses were elevated in participants with treatment emergent affective switching?
Increased motor activity/energy, speech (rate and amount), language-thought disorder.
What system do primary treatments target, and where are these receptors located?
Primary treatments target the inhibitory GABA-ergic system, and receptors are distributed throughout the brain.
Is depression more prevalent in women or men? Why?
Women are twice as likely as men to have major depression in the U.S.. There appears to be a link between hormones as demonstrated via the female reproductive cycle and postpartum depression.
What is one symptom of substance use disorder and why is it so difficult to treat?
Problems at school or work, physical health issues, neglected appearance, changes in behavior, OR money issues; stigma
What is the mechanism of using propranolol in PTSD therapy?
It blocks epinephrine release in the amygdala. It also reduces blood pressure and heart rate.
What is recommended based upon these findings?
Clinicians should be more cognizant of the treatment methods they employ, and rely upon behavioral observation to allow them to choose medication that is the best fit. It places an emphasis on individualized treatment and challenges previous methods of haphazardly prescribing antidepressants.
How has maternal care influenced anxiety behaviors in animal models?
Maternal care affects gene expression of benzodiazepine receptors.
How does bipolar disorder affect the brain?
Enlargement of ventricles. Loss of tissue in limbic structures such as amygdala and hippocampus.
Why is this disorder particularly harmful?
Individuals with other illnesses may self medicate; substance use disorder often has a high degree of comorbidity.
Why is it the case that horrible memories won’t go away for PTSD patients? Explain on the neurobiological basis.
In an individual with PTSD, the amygdala is hyperactive and provokes a fear response to the trauma related stimuli. The medial prefrontal cortex fails to inhibit the unnecessary amygdala activation, causing patients to experience responses that are disproportionate to the threat the stimuli pose.