Emotions & Psychopathology Disorder
State associated with aversive changes in subjective experience, bodily reactions, and psychosocial functioning
What is "Disorders"
The prefrontal cortex is one of the most investigated regions in human emotions using what brain imagining tool
What is a fMRI
What are the three main approaches to understanding emotion causation?
What are Categorical, Dimensional, and Hybrid approaches to understanding emotion causation?
What is the almond-shaped structure deep within the brain is often referred to as the 'emotional center' and plays a key role in processing fear and anxiety?
What is the Amygdala
What are the three commonly used criteria for classifying neuroimaging and measurement methods in the world of neuroscience?
What are Spatial Resolution, Temporal Resolution, and Invasiveness?
Early life experiences, trauma, and social interactions are examples of these external influences that can profoundly impact emotional development and regulation. What are they?
What are environmental factors?
This imagining can detect changes in glucose metabolism and amyloid plaque buildup in the brain, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of Alzheimer's disease
What is PET?
According to Adolphs and Anderson, why is the central nervous system crucial for emotions?
What is because the central nervous system, particularly the brain, processes and interprets emotional stimuli, generates emotional responses, and regulates emotional experiences.
What is the amygdala
Thought of adaptive functional states between reflexes and volitional deliberation
What is Emotions
Originally served to guide action, are complex, have evolutionary origins, serve as an “interface” between organism and environment, elicited by some type of “information processing” and involve changes in mental and bodily components
What is emotion
This part of the brain, often called the "emotional brain," plays a central role in processing emotions like fear and anger.
What is the amygdala?
What is the process of identifying symptom patterns and using structured interviews to determine if an individual meets the criteria for a particular mental disorder?
What are diagnostic criteria?
Field of study that examines psychological processes (emotions) and physiological responses (heart rate). How emotional states influence bodily functions
What is psychophysiology
Which approach assumes that emotions are distinct categories and not continuous dimensions?
What is the Categorical Approach to emotions? or What are Basic Emotion Theories (BET)
What plays a critical role in the generation and regulation of emotions?
What are brain structures?
Which criterion for classifying neuroimaging methods refers to their ability to capture fine details and localize brain activity with precision?
What is Spatial Resolution?
These factors can contribute to an individual's susceptibility to certain emotional disorders or influence the functioning of neurotransmitter systems related to emotions. What are they?
What are genetic factors or genes?
How can psychological research play a vital role in ensuring the sustainability of healthcare systems?
What is study emotion function and biology?
In "The Neuroscience of Emotion," what neural structures are highlighted as key players in the generation and regulation of emotions?
What are the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and limbic system? These structures are discussed for their roles in emotional processing and regulation.
Part of the prefrontal cortex involved in emotion and other functions such as attention
What is the ACC (anterior cingulate cortex)
Properties of emotions that are more essential
Determined to develop from birth and also termed instictive
What is innate
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the brain?
What is regulating a wide range of bodily functions, including hunger, thirst, body temperature, circadian rhythms, and the endocrine system?
What tool is utilized to track individual progress and ensure that symptoms are sufficiently severe for diagnosis?
What are assessment self-rated scales?
A non-invasive neuroimaging technique that measures and maps brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygenation
What is fMRI
In this approach, emotions are conceptualized based on their placement along continuous dimensions like valence and arousal. What is it called?
What is the Dimensional Approach to emotions?
Which two neurotransmitters are commonly associated with feelings of reward and pleasure in the brain?
What are neurotransmitters - dopamine and serotonin
What non-invasive brain imaging technique, commonly used in neuroscientific research, measures changes in blood flow to different brain regions?
What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?
The amygdala, a key player in processing emotions, is part of this brain system that also includes the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. What is it called?
What is the limbic system?
In neuroimaging research, what study design is commonly employed by researchers to track changes in the brain over an extended period?
What is a longitudinal study?
Which specific structure within the limbic system is commonly associated with the processing of fear and emotional memories?
What is the amygdala? The amygdala, located within the limbic system, plays a central role in processing fear and emotional memories.
Increased behavioural activity and sensitivity to stimuli
What is arousal
More elaborated and varied properties of emotions
What are features
Basic and instinctual responses to stimuli, are typically short-lived and can be intense but relatively fleeting, more automatic and may not always be consciously experienced, and expressed through facial expressions, body language, and physiological responses.
What are emotions
Which brain structure, the PAG or the hypothalamus, is more directly involved in the coordination of rapid physiological responses to stressors and threats?
What is the periaqueductal gray (PAG)?
What term describes a measurable biological characteristic, such as a protein or gene, that reflects a physiological state and may be relevant in diagnosing mental disorders?
What are "biomarkers"
Invasive medical imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers to visualize and measure metabolic processes in the body.
What is PET
What approach is known for sometimes confusing emotions with moods?
What are Dimensional Approaches?
This term refers to the brain's ability to adapt and rewire itself in response to learning and experiences, which can impact emotional processing. What is it?
What is Neural Plasticity
Researchers studying the brain's electrical activity often employ this technique, which involves placing electrodes on the scalp. What is it?
What is electroencephalography (EEG)?
Dysregulation of emotion processing in the brain, including the amygdala, is often implicated in the development of this group of mental health conditions. What are they?
What are anxiety disorders and mood disorders?
In neuroimaging research, to evaluate the reliability of results, what measure do researchers often assess, reflecting the consistency of measurements?
What is intra-rater or inter-rater reliability?
This part of the brain's prefrontal cortex is responsible for regulating emotions and decision-making, helping to control impulsive behavior.
What is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)? The vmPFC is crucial for regulating emotions and decision-making, aiding in emotional control and impulse management.
A property of emotions describing their priority over behavioural control
What is automaticity
MAD states
What is motivation, arousal and drive states
Ability to control your emotions
What is REgulation of emotion
What is the main function of the hypothalamus in the context of emotions and emotional responses?
What is regulating emotional responses to various stimuli?
What are the various methods used to treat mental disorders, including talking therapy, behavioral interventions, medication, and brain circuitry stimulation?
What are "treatment" modalities
Non-invasive, imagining tool, where electrodes are attached to the scalp using a gel or paste, and there is no need for any surgical incisions or implants, limited spatial resolution compared to other imaging techniques like fMRI
What is EEG
These models appear to confuse ‘emotions with ‘moods’
What are the Dimensional Models
What is a group of densely packed cell bodies that is distinct from a laminated structure in the brain?
What is a nucleus?
In neuroscientific studies, researchers use this method to temporarily disrupt or stimulate specific brain regions, helping to understand their functions. What is it?
What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
An imbalance in this neurotransmitter, known for its role in mood regulation, is associated with mood disorders such as depression. What is it?"
What is serotonin?
How can the neuroscience of emotion aid in the development of treatments for conditions like anxiety and depression?
How can the neuroscience of emotion aid in the development of treatments for conditions like anxiety and depression?
Part of the prefrontal cortex is involved in emotion and other functions such as attention
What is the ACC?
Controls skeletal muscles and hormones and comprises of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
What is the ANS
property of emotion describing the dimension of pleasantness/unpleasantness
What is valence
Subjective, conscious experiences of emotions and other states
What is feelings
This brain structure, located in the brainstem, is responsible for coordinating physiological responses to pain and defensive behaviours.
What is the periaqueductal gray (PAG)?
What mental illness is characterized by symptoms such as persistent sadness, fatigue, and thoughts of death?
What is "depression"
Electrophysiological - measures the magnetic fields produced by neural activity to localize brain function.
What is MEG
What kind of models combine both categorical and dimensional aspects in understanding emotions?
What are Hybrid Model theories?
Which biogenic amine neurotransmitter, often referred to as the "feel-good transmitter," contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness, and also plays a crucial role in the regulation of sleep and appetite?
What is Seratonin
Electrical patterns or signals are recorded from the human scalp in response to specific sensory, cognitive, or motor events. The processes are measured using what technique?
What is event-related response (ERP)
The ACC is part of the brain's limbic system, which is closely linked to this group of emotions often associated with self-preservation.
What are basic or primary emotions (e.g., fear, anger, disgust)?
How can research in the neuroscience of emotion potentially lead to the development of pharmaceuticals and therapies aimed at addressing this aspect of mental health?
What is study emotional dysregulation, which is often a hallmark of many mental health disorders?
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for initiating the "fight or flight" response during emotionally charged situations?
What is the sympathetic nervous system? The sympathetic nervous system activates the "fight or flight" response, increasing alertness and preparing the body for action during emotional situations.
The adequacy with which a dependent measure can be used to infer a latent variable
What is construct validity
A property of emotion state relating to how long they last
What is persistence
Refers to the level of physiological activation or intensity associated with an emotional experience. It reflects how stimulating or calming an emotion feels.
What is arousal
This region of the prefrontal cortex is vital for regulating emotions, controlling impulsive behavior, and making rational decisions.
What is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)?
This mood disorder involves the elevated mood, increased energy, and risky behaviour during manic episodes. What is it called?
What is "Bipolar Disorder"
Electrophysiological Measures that Record muscle activity, are often used to study motor control and muscle physiology.
What is EMG
This theory emphasizes culture, language-based concepts, and the idea that emotions are constructed from various mental elements. What is it?
What is Constructed Emotion Theory
These electrical patterns or signals, measured through EEG, represent the brain's real-time responses to specific cognitive or sensory events and are used to study the neural basis of emotions. What are they?
What are Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)?
This popular neuroimaging technique measures changes in blood flow and oxygenation in the brain, providing insights into which brain regions are active during emotional experiences. What is it?
What is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?
Dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been implicated in this psychiatric disorder characterized by impulsivity, poor attention, and hyperactivity.
What is ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder)
The neuroscience of emotion can help tailor treatments for individuals by considering this factor, which accounts for variations in emotional responses.
What is "personalized medicine" or "individual differences," which acknowledges that not all individuals respond the same way to treatments? Consider precision psychiatry.
Which region of the brain's limbic system is involved in the regulation of stress responses and the formation of emotional memories?
What is the hippocampus? The hippocampus, located in the limbic system, helps regulate stress responses and plays a role in forming emotional memories.
Specialized brain structure found only in mammals and enlarged in primates
What is the cortex
A property of emotion state describing their magnitude or intensity
What is scalability
What is the Abbreviation SCNSP
What is Systems, Circuits, Neurons, Synapses, and Proteins for measuring neurobiology of emotions
The limbic system, often referred to as the "emotional brain," is comprised of several brain structures. Name two of them.
What are the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus?
"One" symptom, several subtypes and many signs, Fear, Breathlessness, Choking, sensation, Nausea/vomiting, Headache, Stomach pain/diarrhea, Restlessness, Palpitations, Musculartension, Shakiness, Sweating.
What is Anxiety
Non-invasive neurostimulation technique/measure used in neuroscience research and clinical applications to stimulate or modulate brain activity.
What is TMS
In the past, most researchers limited themselves to just two mechanisms for understanding emotions. What theory is built off the limitation of previous theories?
What is a Multi-Level Theory (MLT)
These neural circuits allow for the processing and integration of emotional information within the brain. What are they?
What are the emotional and Limbic circuits?
Researchers often use this non-invasive neuroimaging technique to examine brain electrical activity during emotional responses, making it useful for studies involving emotions like fear and happiness. What is it?
What is electroencephalography (EEG)?
Dysfunction in the insula has been associated with this psychiatric disorder characterized by impairments in recognizing and experiencing emotions, often leading to difficulties in social interactions
What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
The neuroscience of emotion can inform the development of therapies that specifically target this part of the brain, implicated in emotional processing and regulation.
What is the "amygdala," a key brain region involved in emotional responses?
Part of the brain which includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches is responsible for regulating physiological responses associated with emotions.
What is the ANS
A neuromodulator (neurotransmitter) called a biogenic amine is involved in reward, arousal, and emotion
What is dopamine
A property of emotion state describing how many stimuli can cause on emotion and cause many behaviours (fan in and fan out)
What is generalization
Associated with Brodmann areas 10 and 11, and emotional regulation, decision-making, and the assessment of social and moral aspects of emotions.
What is the Prefrontal Cortex
The hypothalamus, a crucial part of the brain, regulates emotions and plays a significant role in controlling this system that influences bodily functions.
What is the endocrine system?
What type of anxiety disorder is characterized by an intense fear and anxiety response to specific objects or situations, such as animals or blood?
What is a Phobia
These studies are limited to animals for ethical reasons
What is optogenetics and pharmacogenetics
Which theory of emotion presumes that emotions are caused by some form of evaluation?
What is Cognitive Appraisal Theory (CAT)
What substances influence the excitability of neurons and, when activated, may lead to changes in the cell's membrane potential, altering its responsiveness to other neurotransmitters?
What is Metabotropic receptors
This neuroimaging method is particularly helpful in tracking changes in brain metabolism and blood flow and has been employed in studies on emotional regulation. What is it?
What is positron emission tomography (PET)?
Dysregulation of the amygdala is often associated with this mood disorder characterized by excessive fear and anxiety responses.
What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
By studying the neuroscience of emotion, researchers can identify potential biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health conditions. This approach is often referred to as what?
What is "biomarker discovery," which involves finding objective indicators of mental health conditions based on neurobiological data?
This brain structure, often referred to as the brain's "reward center," plays a significant role in the experience of pleasure and positive emotions.
What is the nucleus accumbens? The nucleus accumbens is associated with the experience of pleasure and positive emotions, making it a key part of the brain's reward system.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors used to treat disorders
What is SSRI
Plays a role in basic emotional responses, such as regulating breathing and heart rate.
What is the brain stem
Located in the basal forebrain, and it is involved in various functions, including the regulation of stress responses, anxiety, and social behaviors
What is the BNST, which stands for the "Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
This brain structure, located deep within the cerebral cortex, is involved in processing emotional and bodily sensations.
What is the insula?
What psychological disorder involves persistent fear of being separated from an attachment figure and excessive worry about their well-being?
What is separation anxiety?
Measures the local change in blood supply to the brain - resulting from blood flow to the region
According to this theory, most stimuli evoke emotions as a result of learning, with some stimuli being unlearned while others become reinforcing through learning. What is it?
What is Associative Theory (AT)
This stress hormone, released by the adrenal glands, can influence emotional reactions and is often associated with the 'fight or flight' response. What is it?
What is Hormones - cortisol
This neuroimaging technique measures the electrical activity of muscles and is often used to diagnose neuromuscular disorders and assess muscle function. What is it?
What is Electromyography (EMG)?
Dysfunction in the ACC has been linked to this psychiatric disorder characterized by difficulties in regulating emotions and impulsivity.
What is borderline personality disorder (BPD)?
The development of neurofeedback techniques, informed by the neuroscience of emotion, can help individuals do this, thereby improving their emotional regulation.
What is "self-regulation," which refers to an individual's ability to control their emotional responses?
A critical structure that connects the nervous system to the endocrine system. It regulates various bodily functions, including the autonomic nervous system's responses to emotional stimuli.
What is the hypothalamus?
Region of the hypothalamus involved in defensive behaviours, agression and mating
What is the Ventromedial hypothalamus?
A fundamental concept proposed by the influential emotion theorist James A. Russell represents the most basic and essential components of emotional experience.
What is "core effect"
Involved in various aspects of emotional processing and regulation. It plays a role in emotional self-regulation, social cognition, and understanding the emotional states of others.
What is mPFC (Medial Prefrontal Cortex)
What condition is characterized by symptoms like irritability, hypervigilance, and recurrent, involuntary memories following a traumatic event?
What is PTSD
Signal detected by fMRI - surrogate measure of neuronal activity
What is BOLD Signal (blood oxygenation level dependant signal)
This theory does not offer clear hypotheses on how the brain relates to emotions.
What is Constructed Emotion Theory (CET)
Which nucleus of the basal ganglia is specifically involved in reward processing?
What is the nucleus accumbens?
What type of validity assesses the degree to which the results obtained from a specific neuroimaging technique accurately represent the underlying neural processes or phenomena being studied?
What is Neuroimagining Validity?
"Chronic stress can lead to alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and contribute to the development of this type of psychopathology characterized by overwhelming fear and distress. What is it?
What is PTSD?
Neuroimaging studies can provide valuable insights into how this type of therapy affects the brain and can be optimized for better outcomes in emotional dysregulation.
What is "cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)," a common therapeutic approach for emotional regulation?
This part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for promoting relaxation and reducing stress, counterbalancing the "fight or flight" response.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system? The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for promoting relaxation, reducing stress, and counterbalancing the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
Visualizing neuronal activity with single-cell resolution by measuring increases in fluorescence intensity
What is Calcium imaging
The property of generalization where emotion states orchestrate a causal web of effects in the body and brain
What is global coordination?
What brain region has been the most largely linked to processing fear?
What is the Amygdala?
What role does the peripheral nervous system play in the realm of emotions, as explained in the book?
What is the peripheral nervous system's role in transmitting sensory information from various parts of the body to the central nervous system? Additionally, it is involved in executing emotional responses, such as the "fight or flight" response when the body reacts to emotional triggers.
Irritable behaviour and angry outbursts (with little provocation, Reckless or self-destructive behaviour, Hypervigilance, Exaggerated startle response, and Problems with concentration.
What is PTSD
Electrical stimulation of the brain through implanting electrodes and used to treat Parkinson's disease and mood disorders
What is Deep Brain stimulation (DBS)
This theory features nine mechanisms, each involving distinct brain networks. What is this theory known as?
What is the BRECVEMAC theory?
What are the two neuron processes that serve as the language of the brain and emotions, allowing neurons to communicate and influence our feelings and emotions?
What is depolarization and hyperpolarization?
What non-invasive technique uses magnetic fields to temporarily disrupt or stimulate specific brain regions?
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
What is the term for the rapid change in membrane potential that travels along a neuron's membrane?
What is an action potential?
Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying emotional dysregulation can lead to the development of novel interventions that target this aspect of mental health and promote sustainable development by improving overall emotional well-being.
What is "innovative treatment approaches," which can revolutionize mental health care and contribute to a more resilient and emotionally stable society?
Which specific area within the brainstem is essential for basic emotional processes like fear and anger and serves as a relay center for emotional information?
What is the periaqueductal gray (PAG)? The periaqueductal gray, located in the brainstem, is involved in basic emotional processes and serves as a relay center for emotional information.
Mood disorder featuring pervasive anxiety
What is GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)
What is social communication?
Part of the brain implicated in disgust
What is the insula?
The interaction between the central and peripheral nervous systems contributes to the conscious experience of emotions. Which part of the CNS interprets and integrates sensory input from the PNS?
What is the brain?