Neuro History Tea
What even happens in a neuron???
Lights, camera,
action potential!!!!
action potential!!!!
Neurotransmitter sheninigans
Nesrt & everything the
TA's don't like
TA's don't like
100
What was the significance of Phineas Gage’s injury?
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He survived a traumatic injury to the brain.
He had major mood/personality changes after the injury.
100
It’s OU game day, and Jake who is a PIKE has been tailgating since 8 a.m. While reaching for a burger, he accidentally touches the extremely hot grill. His nervous system, unlike Jake, is still making good decisions. Sensory neurons immediately send information about the heat toward his CNS, and his CNS sends a signal back to his muscles telling him to pull his hand away.
Which neurons carried each signal?
Hint: there are 2 catagories, one starts with E and the other with A.
Boomer Sooner
Afferent & Efferent
Afferent = toward the CNS; Efferent = away from the CNS.
100
Explain the difference between a unipolar neuron vs a bipolar and multipolar neuron?
100
Which neurotransmitters are involved with controlling Controls vasculature/blood pressure?
histamine, vasopressin
100
We can use Ohm’s law to determine how changes to the neuron will effect…
The speed of the action potential
200
Modern researchers have ethics boards that must approve their research. For human research, this board is called IRB. For animal research, the board is called…
IACUC
200
Label 1 and you get 200 points, label all and you get 500!
200
The myelin sheaths within the CNS are made of ____, while the myelin sheaths in the PNS are made of _____. Mylien sheats are important to action potentials because_______
oligodendrocytes ; Schwann cells, they help with insulation and make communication in a neuron faster.
200
Which neurotransmitters are involved with movement?
dopamine, acetylcholine
200
Match the aspects of a circuit with its biological equivalent:
____Phospholipid bilayer
____Resting membrane potential (or an action potential)
____ Ion channels
Capacitor
Resistor
Voltage
__A__Phospholipid bilayer
__C__Resting membrane potential (or an action potential)
__B__ Ion channels
Capacitor
Resistor
Voltage
300
Galvani, Cajal, Darwin all were cute little neuroscienteist in their own way. Pick 1 of these people or more, and tell me what they are known for. You need to get 1 right for the 300 points.
Darwin: Proposed that animals may serve as models of human behavior Suggested the species level behaviors can evolve.
Galvani:Discovered that muscles produce electricity
Cajal:Demonstrated that neurons communicate over gaps, not direct touch
300
Do you know what dynamic polarization is? If not, WHAT THE HECK, because you have an exam tomrrow. Anways Dynamic polarization refers to the fact that information in a neuron only flows in one direction. Put the steps of the flow of information in the correct order. I will label the first and the last step I am kind, and you need to study ;)
__1__ An initiating event occurs.
____Neurotransmitter is released from vesicles at the presynaptic cleft.
____The postsynaptic cleft sends either an EPSP or IPSP to the axon
hillock of the neuron.
____The axon hillock of the neuron depolarizes to around -55mV.
______Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cleft.
_____The neuron fires an action potential.
___7__If enough EPSPs depolarize the axon hillock to around -55mV, the neuron fires an action potential.
___1_An initiating event occurs.
___4__Neurotransmitter is released from vesicles at the presynaptic cleft.
___6__The postsynaptic cleft sends either an EPSP or IPSP to the axon
hillock of the neuron.
___2__The axon hillock of the neuron depolarizes to around -55mV.
___5__Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cleft.
___3__The neuron fires an action potential.
___7_If enough EPSPs depolarize the axon hillock to around -55mV, the neuron fires an action potential.
300
Explain to me what and IPSP and an EPSP is in your own words.
- EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential): A change in a neuron that makes it more likely to fire.
- IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential): A change in a neuron that makes it less likely to fire.
300
What is a neuropeptide? Please list out the neuropeptides we have talked about in class for full points.
Vassopressin and oxytocin
300
Pick a brain cell and tell me its functions, if you get all of them it is 500 points.You do need to know this for the exam.
Microglia
Astrocytes
Schwann cells
Pyramidal cells
1. Microglia Immune cells of the brain. They protect the brain by finding and cleaning up germs, damaged cells, and debris.
2. Astrocytes Support and maintain neurons. They provide nutrients, control the environment around neurons, and help regulate communication between neurons.
3. Schwann cells Make myelin around nerves in the peripheral nervous system. Myelin insulates axons and helps electrical signals travel faster.
4. Pyramidal cells Neurons that send signals to other neurons. They are especially important for things like movement, thinking, learning, and memory.
400
The practice of drilling holes in someone’s skull to relieve pressure (or release bad spirits) was practiced by many ancient cultures. This practice was called…
Trepanation
400
There is a research method that examines what happens when we (as researchers) initiate or inhibit an action potential in a particular type of neuron.
what is it called....?
DREADD
I bet you're dreading this exam. Teeheee.
400
The speed of an action potential (current) is influenced by which of the following factors? Name at least 3 for full 400 points.
Number of ion channels open
Myelination (changes in capacitance)
The diameter of the axon
400
What is the precursor to GABA?
Glutamate
400
According to the Nernst equation, decreasing the concentration of sodium/potassium outside the cell (decreasing [x]out) would make the equilibrium potential…
More negative
Explanation: If we decrease the concentration of sodium or potassium outside of the cell, we are decreasing [x]out. This would ultimately make the equilibrium potential more negative. To demonstrate this, we can plug
500
Explain in simple terms what the Tuskgee Syphilis study was, who was affected, and why it was bad.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Study took place in Macon County, Alabama, beginning in 1932. Researchers studied Black men, many of whom had syphilis, to observe how the disease progressed over time. The study was unethical because the men were not properly informed about the study and were misled about their treatment. Even after penicillin became an effective standard treatment for syphilis, researchers withheld it, allowing participants to remain sick.
500
What is one key difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors?
One receptor is directly connected to an ion channel while the other indirectly influences ion channels
500
Draw an action Potential and label the points of an action potential such as depolarization for example. You will need to have the all the terms labeled to earn the full 500 points. Also add a Y axis with the mV volatages while rising and at basline.
Ta's will judge this one.
500
We talked about many medical conditions in class that revolve around neurotransmitters not being readily available for use in the body for example:
Parkinson’s
Depression
Seizure disorders
Pick one condition and list out all the neurotransmitters that are involved with the medical condtion, usually its a lack of a neurotransmitter, but you do not have to worry about knowing exactly what happens in that condition.
Parkinson’s disease:dopamine
Depression: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin
Seizure disorders:GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine
500
Ew I know right. We can use the Nernst equation and the membrane potential equation to determine how changes to ion concentrations will impact the…
equilibrium potential of that ion
height of the peak of the action potential
lowest point of the hyperpolarization phase of the action potential
resting membrane potential