2) Neuro exam
A patient comes in with a fast nystagmus going to the right. This is the side the lesion is on.
Left side. Fast is away, slow is towards.
A patient comes in with tetraplegia in all four limbs with absent placing responses in all four limbs. However normal thoracic and pelvic limb reflexes remain. This is where you localize the lesion
When performing radiographs, at minimum, these are the two views that should be taken.
Lateral and VD.
This is defined as 2 or more seizures within 24 hours
Cluster
This is the most common brain tumor in dogs and cats
Meningioma
When accessing the pupillary light reflex in a patient. This is the afferent nerve and this is the efferent nerve being tested.
Afferent: Optic
Efferent: Oculomotor
A patient comes in with a head tilt, strabismus, and nystagmus. The patient has an absent placing response in all four legs and increased reflexes in all four legs. The patient has this type of lesion.
This is the imaging modality of choice for most neurologic diseases!
MRI
The target of seizure therapy is to decrease the frequency, duration, and intensity by this much.
50%!
The four pseudo liver function tests that can give a better indication there is something going on in the liver in patients with hepatic encephalopathies are hypoglycemia, hypoalbuminemia, decreased BUN, and this
hypocholesterolemia
This is one of the four levels of consciousness where the patient is in a state of unconsciousness and CAN ONLY be aroused by a painful stimulus.
Stupor
A patient comes into your clinic because it's unable to use its hindlimbs, they just drag along the floor like deez nuts, however, the thoracic limbs have normal function. The patient has normal reflexes in all four legs but lacks postural reactions in the hindlimbs. This is where the lesion is.
T3-L3
CSF is predominately these types of cells.
Mononuclear.
This is defined as a seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes or 2 or more seizures without recovery to consciousness.
Status Epilepticus.
This disease is due to excessive CSF in the brain due to increased production, decreased absorption, or an obstruction of flow. Puppies are often called slow learners because of this disease. Treatment is directed at decreasing CSF production, like using diuretics or steroids.
Congenital hydrocephalus.
These are the three types of ataxia.
vestibular, cerebellar, proprioceptive.
A patient comes in short choppy strides in the front legs and long strides in the back legs. Thoracic limbs had normal reflexes while the pelvic limbs had normal to increased reflexes. Postural reactions were absent in all four limbs. This is where you localize the lesion
C6-T2
These are the two locations where CSF is collected
Lumbar (L4-5, 5-6, 6-7)
This is the most common type of seizure seen in dogs.
Focal with secondary generalization.
These are the four classic signs for a patient with horners syndrome in small animals.
1) Ptosis (Drooping of the upper eyelid)
2) Miosis
3) Enopthalmos
4) Elevated third eyelid
A patient comes in because it has paraparesis in the hindlimbs only. Postural reactions are normal in the thoracic limb but delayed in the pelvic limbs. The same goes with reflexes as they are normal in the forelimbs but absent in the hindlimbs. This is where the lesion is.
This is defined as the elevation in the white blood cell count.
Pleocytosis.
Idiopathic epilepsy, which still remains a diagnosis of exclusion, affects these two breeds the most commonly.
Australian Shepard and Border collie
This disease is caused by the accumulation of beta-amyloid. Clinical signs are typically seen in older patients and they are mostly non-specific. The diagnosis is primarily based on clinical signs which follow the acronym DISHA.
Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome.