Neuro Embryology
Closed NTD. Failure of the neural tube to close, but NO herniation. Associated with tuft of hair or skin dimple at the level of bony defect
Spina Bifida Occulta
Does the sympathetic or parasympathetic solely use acetylcholine for the transmission of signals
Parasympathetic
Patient is diagnosed with a terminal illness and continues to insist that the doctors are wrong and theres "nothing wrong with them"
Denial
What stage of child development does smiling, stranger anxiety and separation anxiety occur
Infant
This type of psychotherapy teaches patients how to identify and change maladaptive behaviors or reactions to stimuli (phobias)
Behavioral therapy
Failure of the forebrain to divide into 2 cerebral hemispheres. Associated with SHH mutations, may be seen with Patau syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome
Holoprosencephaly
What receptor does glutamate interact with in the CNS
NMDA
A person who experiences a traumatic car accident might later describe the event by saying, "It felt like I wasn’t even there—like I was watching it happen to someone else."
Dissociation
What age range would describe when a child may start self feeding (cutlery)
A. 6-12 months
B. 13-20 months
C. 20-24 months
B
Which antipsychotic is used for treatment of resistant psychotic disorders or those with persistent suicidality
Clozapine
What fibers are damaged first in syringomyelia
Anterior white commissure
The Basal nucleus of Meynert synthesizes what neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
A child who is being bullied at school starts imitating the behavior and mannerisms of a popular, confident classmate, saying things like, "If I act like them, no one will pick on me."
Identification
What are the age ranges for an infant, toddler and preschooler
Infant: 0-12 months
Toddler: 12-36 months
Preschooler: 3-5 years
Tricyclic antidepressants can cause convulsions, coma and cardiotoxicity. What can you give to the patient to prevent arrhythmia?
NaHCO3
Which posterior fossa malformation is associated with a lumbosacral myelomeningocele
Chiari II malformation
Where is the Raphe Nucleus located? What does it secrete?
Located in the brainstem. Secretes serotonin
Whats the difference between fixation and regression?
Fixation is static and persistent. (excessive eating or nail biting due to overindulgence or deprivation during developmental phase)
Regression is temporary, dynamic retreat to an earlier stage (caused by stress or psychological distress)
What motor development would be expected for a preschooler (The 3 Ds)
Driving - tricycles
Drawing - stick figures, copying shapes
Dexterity - uses buttons, zippers, grooms self, hops on 1 foot
What is Varenicline used for? What is its MOA?
It is used for nicotine addiction. It is a partial ACh receptor agonist.
X
Depression, Schizophrenia, Huntington, Parkinson. Describe the changes in dopamine seen in each
Depression (down), Schizophrenia (up), Huntington (up), Parkinson (down)
Name and describe the 4 mature ego defenses (SASH)
Sublimation - replacing unacceptable wish with course of action that is socially acceptable
Altruism - alleviating negative feelings with generosity
Suppression - intentionally withholding an idea or feeling from conscious awareness, temporary
Humor - lightheartedly expressing uncomfortable feelings to shift the internal focus away from distress
Name 1 motor, social and verbal/cognitive milestone for each developmental category (infant, toddler, preschooler)
X
Describe the MOA for Parkinson drugs:
Carbidopa
Amantadine (2)
Selegine
Pramipexole
Carbidopa - DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor, prevents conversion of L-Dopa --> Dopamine in peripheral tissues
Amantadine - (1) increases dopamine availability in the synaptic cleft by inhibiting reuptake, (2) antagonizes NMDA receptor activity to prevent glutamate over excitation
Selegine - MAO-B inhibitor, prevents dopamine from being metabolized into DOPAC-9
Pramipexole - dopamine agonist, interacts with dopamine receptors at post synaptic terminal