Which neurotransmitter is involved in movement and reward?
Dopamine
100
What principle says that a neuron releases only one type of neurotransmitter?
Dale's Principle
100
What enzyme takes Acetylcholine up from the synaptic cleft?
Acetylcholinesterase
100
Which drug inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, reverses the action of the serotonin transporter, and induces the release of NE and DA?
Ecstasy
100
What are the two types of post-synaptic potentials that can occur when a post-synaptic receptor is activated by a neurotransmitter?
EPSP or IPSP
200
What is the original compound that goes through multiple changes to eventually become dopamine?
Tyrosine
200
Name 1 of the 3 definitions of an NT
• molecule must be synthesized and stored in presynaptic neuron
• molecule must be released by presynaptic neuron upon stimulation
• when the molecule is applied to the postsynaptic cell it must mimic the actions produced by the release of the neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron
200
Name steps to release of NT following AP arrival
Voltage-sensitive Ca++ gates open
- Influx of Ca++
Ca++ causes release of vesicles with NT's
200
Which CNS stimulant causes alertness and euphoria?
Methamphetamine
200
Where are the highest density of voltage-gated Na+ channels
Axon Hillock
300
Which neurotransmitter is involved in sleep, wake, mood, learning and memory?
Norepinephrine
300
What is the word that describes a chemical that mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter (when bound to the postsynaptic receptor)?
Agonist
300
Name how to inhibit the pre-synapse and decrease NT release (control of what ion)
Ca++ release inhibitied results in less overall NT release
300
What drug is non-addictive, causes hallucinations, and causes the most action in Serotonin recpetors
LSD
300
Name 2 differences between and AP and a Postsynaptic Potential
AP EPSP / IPSP
Channel gate Voltage Sensitive Chemical Sensitive
Na+/K+ currents Sequential Simultaneous
Amplitude Non-linear (all or none) Linear (graded)
400
What are the catecholamines?
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
400
What are the 2 types of postsynaptic receptors
Directly gated/ionotropic/transmitter gated, and indirectly gated/metabotropic/G-protein coupled
400
Name two ways NT's are removed from the cleft
Divided by enzyme,Glial Cell assisted removal, direct uptake- recycle,
400
What commonly used drug causes
-low doses: reduces tension, impairs concentration, slows reflexes,reduces coordination, drowsiness
- high doses: vomiting, breathing difficulties, unconsciousness, coma
Alcohol
400
Come to the board and draw the two types of summation
Spatial has multiple axons at same time
Temporal has one axon with multiple signals
500
How is dopamine re-uptake different from Ach
- selective uptake into terminal
- repackaged into vesicles
- Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
-- inactivates excess transmitter in presynaptic terminal
500
What is the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
500
Explain the anatomical differences and functional differences between the Electrical vs. Chemical Synapses
Electrical-Tissue homeostasis
- Signal transmission - heart, some areas in the brain
- Common in lower vertebrates - escape/spinal reflexes
Chemical-CNS synapses
- Neuromuscular junction
500
What is the function of curare
nicotinic receptor antagonists for acetylcholine
500
Explain the difference between nerve-nerve EPSP's and never-musle EPSP's
- Nerve - nerve synapses
each AP causes a just few vesicles to be released
result is 0.2-1.0 mV /AP
- Nerve - muscle synapse
each AP causes at least 200 vesicles to be released
result is 40 mV/AP