Cholinergic System
What are the catalzying and degrading enzymes in this system?
What are:
Catalyzing enzyme: chAt (Choline acetyltransferase)
Degrading enzyme: AchE ( Acetylcholinesterase)
The degrading enzyme is:
What is:
MAO
The neurotransmitter for this system is:
What is:
Glutamate
How does Glucose become GABA?
What is:
Glucose -> glutamate -> GAD -> GABA
The common name for epinephrine is:
What is:
Adrenaline
By slowing the speed of depolarization, muscarinic receptors in cardiac muscles are responsible for:
What is:
Lowering heart rate
What are the 2 re-uptake methods for serotonin?
What are:
-Re-uptake in vesicle
-Destroyed by MAO
The three glutamate receptors are:
What are:
-AMPA-R
-NMDA-R
-mGlu-R
What is the most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter?
What is:
GABA
The disease caused by the degeneration of dopamine neurons is:
What is:
Parkinson's Disease
Nerve gases act on which protein?
What is:
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
What type of receptors are found in the post synaptic side? What does that mean for serotonin?
What is:
5 out of the 7 receptors are Gs. The other 2 are Gi. This results in more serotonin and resultantly, more stimulation.
At normal negative resting membrane potentials, the channel becomes clogged by this ion and prevents other ions from passing freely through the NMDA channel. When the membrane is depolarized, this ion pops out of the pore.
What is:
Mg2+
Is the postsynaptic cell membrane relatively positive or negative?
What is:
Negative (Influx of Cl-)
The product of dopamine and DBH is:
What is:
Norepinephrine
What drug affects the cholinergic system?
What is:
Nerve Gas
Explain what happens when enzyme X is present:
What is:
Tryptophine has a reaction and is turned into 5ht when enzyme X is present, it is then transported into the synaptic vesicle and released into the cleft.
Depolarization of the membrane causes Ca2+ and Na+ to rush into the cell. This results in:
What is:
-More Na+ channels opening
-Gene expression (more AMPA-R)
What drugs affect GABA receptors? How?
What are:
Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, neurosteroids
These drugs increase the efficiency of synaptic transmission of the neurotransmitter GABA by acting on its receptors.
The Catecholaminergic System deals with excess neurotransmitters in the synapse by:
What is:
MAO degradation or reuptake
The steps of neurotransmission in cholinergic neurons are:
What are:
How does Prozac effect the amount of 5HT within the synaptic cleft?
What is:
Prozac blocks the re-entry of 5HT to the pre-synaptic cell and 5HT becomes more concentrated in the synapse. This being that 5/7 5HT are stimulatory there’s generally more stimulation when there’s more 5HT in the cleft, causing Prozac to be a antidepressant since it allows more 5HT to be out in the synaptic cleft to combat depression and anxiety.
The glutamatergic system is paramount for fast signaling and information processing in neuronal networks. Glutamate signaling is critical in brain regions, including the cerebrum and hippocampus. Therefore, it plays a large role in:
What is:
Motor coordination, memory formation, cognition, emotions, sensory information,
What ion moves through the ion channels opened by GABA?
Cl-
There are ____ neurotransmitters in this system. Their names are:
What is:
3; dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine