Week 1&2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6 (+ lecture 7)
100
Name the 4 most common neurotransmitters
Dopamine, serotonin, GABA and glutamate
100
What is the role of the basal ganglia in movement?
Refining and coordinating movements, it helps the brain focus on desired movements by suppressing competing motor programs
100
What are the 3 main sleep stages?
Hypnagogic state
Non-REM stage
REM stage
100
Explain the dependent and independent variables
Dependent variables: our decision-making, process with cognitive effort
Independent variables: the factors that influence decision-making
100
What is the NCC?
The neuronal correlates of consciousness is the minimal brain activity sufficient enough for a conscious experience
200
What is the function of an oligodendrocyte in the CNS?
Wraps an arm around axons and forms myelin sheath
200
Name and explain the two pathways related to volntary and involuntary movement
1. Pyramidal tract: main pathway, motor cortex --> spinal cord (voluntary)
2. Extrapyramidal tract: brainstem --> spinal cord (involuntary)
200
Name the two categories of memory and their subcategories
1. Declarative memory --> episodic and semantic memory
2. Nondeclarative memory --> procedural memory (also associative (classical/instrumental conditioning) and nonassociative learning
200
In what situation is the Reward prediction error (RPE) positive, and when is it negative?
Positive if reward better than expected :D
Negative if reward worse than expected D:
200
What do we call it when our brains activate similar regions related to how something would feel for you when we observe others?
''Vicarious state''
300
Of what does the diencephalon mainly consist of?
Thalamus and the hypothalamus
300
Fill in: (100 points for every right answer)
1. The ... initiages voluntary movement
2. Signals are then refined by ..., which filters out unnecessary movements
3. The ... then checks these movements and their precision/balance
4. Signal travels down to .... in the ... , stimulating muscles to contract and produce movement
1. motor cortex
2. basal ganglia
3. cerebellum
4. motor neurons, spinal cord
300
In what area of the brain are memories being reactivated/mingled/mixed during sleep?
In the hippocampus
300
What brain region is most involved with cognitive control processing?
The prefontal cortex !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
300
Explain the monoamine hypothesis related to depression
Mood is tied to the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain, because:
- Drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase cause mood elevation
- Drugs that interfere with catecholamines and serotonin cause severe depression
- Drugs that inhibit reuptake of serotonin/norepinephrine work as an antidepressant
400
Explain Braak's hypothesis about the development of Parkinson's (3 stages)
Parkinson's starts in the medulla/olfactory bulb
--> progresses to the SN and other midbrain/forebrain structures
In advanced Parkinson's, it progresses to cerebral cortices
400
Explain the difference between the dorso-dorsal stream and the ventro-dorsal stream
Dorso-dorsal stream: through superior parietal lobe to the dorsal premotor cortex, involved in reaching
Ventro-dorsal stream: through inferior parietal lobe to the ventral premotor cortex, involved in manipulating objects
400
What type of mentation occurs in every sleep stage?
1. Hypnagogic state: imagery, little context
2. Non-REM: thought-like, conceptual
3. REM: life-like, emotional/bizarre/detailed
400
What is the expected utility theory, in the context of decision making
The expected utility theory states that we rationally make decisions, based off of consistent preferences/rules
(not very realistic)
400
Explain the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is caused by less activation of NMDA receptors in the brain
--> Discovered because PCP and ketamine clog glutamate synapses and cause similar positive symptoms
500
Name the three dopaminergic pathways and their routes
Mesolimbic pathway: VTA --> nucleus accumbens
Mesocortical pathway: VTA --> PFC
Nigrostriatal pathway: (SN --> striatum)
500
Of what two different regions does the primary motor consist of, and what are their differences (in where they end up)
The M1 consists of the older rostral region and the evolved caudal region
Rostral region: corticospinal neurons terminate on spinal interneurons
Caudal region: CM neurons terminate in interneurons or alpha motor neurons
500
Explain Hebb's theory and its 3 stages
Hebb's theory states that the internal representation of an object consists of all cortical cells that are activated by the stimulus, the cell assembly which are all interconnected
Stages:
1. Synaptic changes: Neurons fire together
2. Formation of cell assemblies: group of simultaneously activated neurons gets created
3. Formation of phase sequences: partial activation of assembly now creates a network that gets activated in a particular order
500
What is the role of the Default mode network/what is it?
A set of interconnected structure associated with self-representation and disengagement from the world
500
What are the 7 stages of brain development
Cell birth
Cell migration
Cell differentiation
Cell maturation
Synapse formation
Synapse pruning
Myelogenesis