Eyes, Eyes, baby! (Peripheral and Central Visual Systems)
Can you SENSE that? (Somatic Sensory System)
BRAIN, SPINE AND MUSCLES (Upper Motor Control)
HOW TO BUILD A BRAIN FROM SCRATCH (Early Brain Development)
WHICH WAY TO GO? (Constructing Neural Circuits )
100
This section of the eye contains many blood vessels and nerve fibres flowing. However, there are no sensory receptor cells in this region.
What is the optic disk?
100
The conversion of sensory stimulus from one form to another.
What is sensory transduction?
100
Motor neurons are located medially in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and innervates these locations of muscles.
What is motor neurons innervating the axial and proximal muscles?
100
Endoderm, Mesoderm and Ectoderm's formation of a three layer embryo.
What is gastrulation?
100
Two common shapes of growth cones. One is fibre-like, whereas the other is sheet-like.
What is filopodium and lamellipodium?
200
Dynamic changes in the shape of the lens resulting in changes in refractive power.
What is Accommodation?
200
A group of neurons within the lumbar spinal cord associated with propprioreceptive.
What is Clarke's Nucleus?
200
Receives impulse from sensory neurons and receives from upper motor system in the motor cortex.
What is local circuit interneurons?
200
An inducible factor which enters the cellular matrix, then binds to tyrosine kinase receptor that activates the ras/MAP kinase pathways. These pathways could modify the structure of the cell. MAP kinase then eventually translocates the signal into the nucleus to be transcribed.
What is Fibroblast growth factors (FGF)?
200
This class of cell surface adhesion molecule is calcium dependent and is very specific that it only bind to the same type of cells.
What is cadherin?
300
Absorption of this much photon closes 200 ion channels and changes membrane voltage by 1 mV.
What is absorption of 1 photon?
300
!! DAILY DOUBLE !! The feeling that a missing limb is still attached and moves together normally with the rest of the body.
What is phantom limb?
300
The medial white matter of the spinal cord responsible for balance, orofacial behaviour, ongoing postural control, locomotion and postural control.
What is brainstem projections?
300
An inducible factor that is critical for the establishment of neuron identity. This peptide hormone binds to patched protein which then activates the smoothened protein on cell membrane. The activation of smoothened protein on the cell membrane in turn increases Gli1 (or Gli2) that translocates into the nucleus.
What is Sonic Hedgehod (Shh)?
300
This signal of axon guidance requires a physical contact of surfaces sticking together. Different specific receptors could either turn the axon away or attract it towards that certain direction. The end result is the assembly or dissociation of the F-actin.
What is contact inhibition?
400
Pathway in the central visual system that deals with motions. This pathway covers a large receptive field and high axonal conduction velocity.
What is Magnocellular pathway?
400
A receptor sensitive to different vibration frequencies. this one is responsible for low frequencies (25-30Hz).
What is Meissner corpuscle?
400
Neurons synapsing with lower motor neurons in ventral horn that do not send fibres to the other side of the spinal cord due to the two sides being independent. This is also responsible for fine control of distal extremities.
What is lateral region of local circuit neurons in the spinal cord?
400
An inducible factor part of the transforming growth factor-beta family (TGF) that binds to serine kinase receptor which phosphorylates SMAD proteins (with co-SMAD) that regulates gene expression in the nucleus.
What is Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)?
400
Term used for axon growing along a "pioneer" axon. NCAMS can help mediate this signal guidance that helps bundle axons together.
What is fasciculation?
500
Signals cannot cross the chiasma, thus cannot cross the information. You lose the temporal side vision field and end up with this kind of visual field deficit.
What is Heteronomous hemianopsia?
500
Trigeminal ganglion sends the sensory signal to this location before translocating it through medial and trigeminal lemnisucs and finally to the ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus.
What is principle nucleus of trigeminal complex?
500
Head orientation through control of axial muscles in the neck by innervating medial neurons in cervical cord. Also regulates saccades, which are simultaneous eye movements of both eyes in the same direction.
What is Colliculospinal tract?
500
The division of the hindbrain into seven bulges controlled by the 4 different Hox gene groups in mammals.
What is Rhombomeres?
500
Specialized motile structure at the tip of an axon that has the following functions: orienting direction, exploring surroundings and guiding the extension.