Fully Frontal
This man sustained severe damage to his frontal lobes when a metal rod blasted through his head, essentially giving him a frontal lobotomy
Phineus Gage
SLO AIM
Superior colliculi, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic
Auditory, inferior colliculi, medial geniculate nucleus
What part of the somatosensory cortex receives projections from the VPL and VPM of the thalamus?
S1 - primary somatosensory cortex
You perform an exam maneuver on a patient that involves them to retain a telephone number and repeat it back to you. They have no language impairment, you are solely testing their memory. What type of memory are you testing?
Working memory - immediate
This type of dementia is classified as an alpha-synucleinopathy, and presents with recurrent visual hallucinations, fluctuations in attention, parkinsonian features, and visuospatial impairment
Lewy Body Dementia (think of this when you see haLEWYcinations)
What are the 3 parts to the prefrontal region
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal
What is cortical blindness, and what does it do to the pupillary light reflex?
Lesion in bilateral occipital lobes causing blindness, rather than visual loss involving the eyes themselves. Pupillary light reflex is preserved.
What is Gerstmann syndrome and it's components?
Lesion of the dominant parietal lobe
Acalculia, agraphia, finger anosia, left-right disorientation
What type of memory are you testing here: "Recall the 3 items I listed 5 minutes ago"
Your performing an ATL and the patient awakens with a new contralateral superior quadrantanopia. What caused this deficit?
Meyer's loop
*stay lateral to the roof of the temporal horn, as Meyer's loop sweeps directly over and around this cavity
Auditory and visual associations have connections with this part of the prefrontal cortex
Medial prefrontal cotex
Wernicke's area is located in the auditory association cortex in the dominant hemisphere. What is the Brodmann area?
Area 22
What two gyri of the dominant parietal lobe are important in language function
Angular and supramarginal gyri
You ask a patient to recall the past president in the early 1990s. What type of memory are you testing?
Name the epilepsy syndromes and their pattern of seizure in the 1. motor cortex and 2. the SMA
1. Jacksonian march along the homonculus on contralateral side
2. Fencing posture - tonic posturing of limbs, ipsilateral elbow extension and contralateral elbow flexion, bicycling of legs
The orbiotfrontal cortex has important connections with what brain system?
Limbic
*disinhibition syndromes may occur with dysfunction of the OFC (emotional lability, poor judgment/insight, distractability, inappropriate social behavior)
Name the gyri and sulci on the base of the brain from lateral to medial, starting with the inferior temporal gyrus and ending with the parahippocampal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus -> occipitotemporal sulcus -> fusiform gyrus -> collateral sulcus -> parahippocampal gyrus
What visual deficit may be caused by a deep parietal lesion?
Inferior quadrantanopia (pie on the ground) - optic radiations course through the deep parietal lobe to reach the visual cortex
Name the syndrome that involves confabulation secondary to memory impairment.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
This syndrome is caused by bilateral lesions of the temporal lobes, and can lead to hypersexuality, oral fixation, loss of fear/rage, bulimia, visual agnosia, or memory loss
Kluver-Bucy
Where are the frontal eye fields located (specific gyrus), and what do they control?
Middle frontal gyrus, control movement of the eyes to the contralateral side
*Lesions to this area cause gaze deviation ipsilaterally, seizures cause gaze deviation contralaterally
Fusiform gyrus (lingual also contributes to color vision)
A patient comes into clinic with a suspected parietal lobe lesion. What is a constructional task that you can test to asssess their visuospatial ability?
Drawing shapes (cube, interlocking pentagons)
Clock drawing test
You are performing an ETV and as you advance your scope, you brush up against the body of the fornix and injure it. What deficit do you expect in your patient upon wakening?
Anterograde amnesia - inability to form new long-term memories
The phenomenon of "witzelsucht" and "moria" are often seen in this degenerative process
Frontotemporal dementia (also seen in frontal lobe neoplasm, but this is not a degenerative process)
Witzelsucht - senseless joking and punning, moria- silliness