HPA Axis (not that HPA)
This portion of the pituitary gland synthesizes and secretes ACTH, TSH, prolactin, growth hormone, FSH, and LH.
What is the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)?
This largest salivary gland lies anterior to the ear and is traversed by the facial nerve.
What is the parotid gland?
This structure within the ventricles produces most cerebrospinal fluid.
What is the choroid plexus?
This thin membrane separates the external ear from the middle ear and vibrates in response to sound waves.
What is the tympanic membrane?
An adult experiences episodes of optic neuritis, weakness, and scattered demyelinating lesions within the central nervous system due to this condition.
What is multiple sclerosis.
This hormone released from the anterior pituitary stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.
What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
This gland located in the superolateral orbit produces tears that drain into the nasolacrimal duct.
What is the lacrimal gland?
Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through these openings.
What are the interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro)?
These three small bones of the middle ear transmit sound vibrations to the inner ear.
What are the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)?
Your patient develops progressive muscle weakness and atrophy caused by degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons, while sensation remains intact, due to this disease
What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?
This hypothalamic hormone stimulates release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
What is corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?
The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which ultimately stimulates hormone release from this gland.
What is the thyroid gland?
Cerebrospinal fluid is reabsorbed into the venous circulation through these projections extending into the dural venous sinuses.
What are arachnoid granulations?
This structure connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and helps equalize pressure across the tympanic membrane.
What is the auditory (Eustachian) tube?
After a recent gastrointestinal infection, your patient develops progressive ascending muscle weakness and loss of deep tendon reflexes due to a demyelinating disorder that affects these cells.
What are Schwann cells?
This hormone, also called vasopressin, is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys.
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
These small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid regulate blood calcium levels through hormone secretion.
What are the parathyroid glands?
This treatment is used to relieve excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulation and increased intracranial pressure in patients with both obstructive and communicating hydrocephalus.
What is a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt?
This disorder of the inner ear classically presents with episodic vertigo, tinnitus, fluctuating hearing loss, and a sensation of ear fullness.
What is Ménière’s disease?
Your patient presents with central obesity, moon facies, hypertension, and hyperglycemia caused by excess cortisol production in this syndrome.
What is Cushing syndrome?
These two hypothalamic hormones regulate the release of growth hormone (somatotropin) from the anterior pituitary, with one stimulating release and the other inhibiting it.
What are growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin?
This autoimmune disease commonly affects the lacrimal and salivary glands, causing dry eyes and dry mouth.
What is Sjögren disease?
During a lumbar puncture, the needle is inserted below the conus medullaris into the region containing the cauda equina to collect cerebrospinal fluid from this space.
What is the subarachnoid space?
During a Rinne test in a patient with conductive hearing loss, you would expect to observe this finding.
What is bone conduction is heard louder than air conduction.
A patient experiences sudden brief episodes of loss of muscle tone resulting in collapse or head dropping due to this type of seizure.
What is an atonic seizure?