Geography
What is the capital city of New Mexico?
Santa Fe
What crops did the Pueblo peoples mainly grow?
Corn, beans, and squash (the “Three Sisters”)
Which European country first colonized New Mexico?
Spain
What year did the Pueblo Revolt take place?
1680
What is the state bird of New Mexico?
The roadrunner
What river runs north to south through New Mexico?
The Rio Grande
Which group built adobe pueblos and farmed near rivers?
The Pueblo peoples
What was the purpose of the Mission System?
To convert Native Americans to Christianity and extend Spanish control
What was the main cause of the Pueblo Revolt?
Spanish suppression of Native religion and harsh treatment
What Native symbol appears on the New Mexico state flag?
The Zia sun symbol
Why was the Santa Fe Trail important for New Mexico’s economy in the 1800s?
It allowed trade with U.S. merchants, brought goods to New Mexico, and helped settlers and traders move west
What type of shelter did the Navajo primarily use before adopting permanent homes?
Hogan (traditional Navajo home)
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The transfer of plants, animals, ideas, and diseases between the Old World and the Americas
Who led the Pueblo Revolt?
Popé, a leader from San Juan Pueblo
How did Spanish conquistadors impact the Native peoples of New Mexico?
They introduced new diseases, took land, forced labor, and spread Christianity
What are the three main geographic provinces of New Mexico?
Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, Basin and Range
Which nomadic group lived in southern New Mexico and were known as skilled warriors?
The Apache
What was the Encomienda System?
A system that gave Spanish settlers Native labor and tribute in exchange for protection and conversion
What happened after the Pueblo Revolt?
The Spanish fled for 12 years and later returned with more tolerance
Who led the first permanent Spanish settlement in New Mexico in 1598?
Juan de Oñate
What trade route connected Mexico City to Santa Fe during Spanish rule?
El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
Which group is known for weaving and raising sheep?
The Navajo (Diné)
What was the Casta System, and why was it important?
A social hierarchy that ranked people by race and ancestry in Spanish colonies
What was the Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821), and how did it affect New Mexico?
Mexico gained independence from Spain; New Mexico became part of the new Mexican nation
Who explored New Mexico in search of the Seven Cities of Cíbola?
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado