Intro To Healthcare Chapt 1
This ancient Greek physician is known as the “Father of Medicine” and believed illness had natural causes rather than supernatural ones.
Hippocrates
According to Maslow, which basic human needs must be met first before higher-level needs can be addressed?
Physiological needs, such as food, water, sleep, and shelter.
A newborn is consistently fed, comforted, and kept warm by caregivers. According to Erikson, which psychosocial stage is being supported?
Trust vs. Mistrust — consistent care helps the infant develop trust in caregivers and the world.
Which body system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?
The circulatory (cardiovascular) system.
A patient with asthma reports wheezing and shortness of breath after climbing stairs. On assessment, you hear high-pitched sounds mainly on exhalation.
bronchoconstriction causing expiratory wheezing
During the Crimean War, this nurse dramatically reduced infection rates by improving sanitation and hygiene in military hospitals.
Florence Nightingale
What is Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stage for infancy (birth–1 year), and what is the main conflict in this stage?
Trust vs. Mistrust; infants learn to trust caregivers when their needs are consistently met.
A preschool child insists on dressing themselves and choosing activities but becomes frustrated when scolded for mistakes. Which Erikson stage is this, and what is the main conflict?
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt — the child is learning independence, and excessive criticism can lead to shame or doubt.
What body system helps you breathe by taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide, and name one organ involved?
The respiratory system; one organ is the lungs.
A patient stands up from bed and becomes dizzy and lightheaded. Their blood pressure drops from 128/78 lying down to 98/64 standing, and their heart rate increases.
orthostatic hypotension
While working on battlefields, this nurse provided direct care to wounded soldiers and later founded a major humanitarian organization.
Clara Barton
An adolescent who is exploring different careers and personal values is in which Erikson stage, and what is the key developmental task?
Identity vs. Role Confusion; the key task is developing a personal identity and sense of self.
A school-aged child who receives praise for completing homework and chores begins to feel confident and capable. Which Erikson stage is being reinforced?
Industry vs. Inferiority — praise and encouragement help the child feel competent and capable.
How do the digestive and circulatory systems work together to provide nutrients to body cells?
The digestive system breaks food into nutrients, which are absorbed into the bloodstream, and the circulatory system transports those nutrients to body cells.
A patient has severe right upper quadrant abdominal pain after eating a greasy meal, plus nausea. The pain may radiate to the right shoulder.
gallbladder attack (cholelithiasis/cholecystitis)
This ethical principle, still referenced in healthcare today, emphasizes “do no harm” when caring for patients.
Hippocratic Oath
How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs help explain why a child who is hungry or lacks safety may struggle academically or socially?
Because unmet physiological and safety needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs like learning, self-esteem, and social relationships can be successfully developed.
A teenager struggles with low self-esteem at school because they feel excluded by peers. According to Maslow, which level of needs is unmet, and how might this affect development?
Love and Belonging needs — unmet belonging needs can negatively affect self-esteem, confidence, and social development.
A patient has difficulty fighting infections and frequently gets sick. Which body system is most likely impaired, and what is one of its key functions?
The immune (lymphatic) system; its key function is to defend the body against pathogens.
A patient suddenly develops facial droop, slurred speech, and one-sided arm weakness. Symptoms started 45 minutes ago.
stroke (CVA)
This nursing pioneer used statistics and data visualization to prove that improved sanitation reduced mortality, helping establish nursing as a science-based profession.
Florence Nightingale
How do Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs differ in explaining why an individual may not progress to higher levels of personal growth?
Erikson explains lack of progression as unresolved psychosocial conflicts at specific life stages, while Maslow explains it as unmet lower-level needs (such as physiological, safety, or belonging) that prevent advancement to higher needs like esteem and self-actualization.
An adolescent lacks consistent safety at home and emotional support from caregivers. Using both Erikson’s and Maslow’s theories, explain how these unmet needs could impact identity formation and long-term development.
According to Maslow, unmet safety and belonging needs can prevent progress toward esteem and self-actualization. According to Erikson, this can interfere with the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage, leading to difficulty forming a stable identity and increased risk of long-term emotional and social challenges.
Explain how the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems interact to allow a person to quickly pull their hand away after touching a hot surface.
The nervous system detects the heat and sends a signal through the spinal cord, muscles contract to move the bones, and the skeletal system provides structure, allowing the hand to pull away quickly.
A patient with uncontrolled diabetes has deep, rapid breathing, fruity-smelling breath, nausea, and abdominal pain. Their blood glucose is 480 mg/dL and urine shows ketones
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)