Altered Cell/Tissue Biology
This process involves the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cellular components such as proteins, lipids, and DNA, contributing to aging, inflammation, and various diseases.
What is oxidative stress?
This process involves the release of granules containing histamine, enzymes, and other inflammatory mediators from cells such as mast cells and basophils, typically in response to an allergen or pathogen.
What is degranulation?
This condition is characterized by an abnormally high white blood cell count, often in response to infection, inflammation, or certain medical conditions like leukemia.
What is leukocytosis?
This condition is characterized by difficulty breathing when lying flat, often seen in individuals with heart failure or pulmonary diseases.
What is orthopnea?
This condition occurs when there is an incompatibility between the blood types of a mother and her fetus, often due to Rh factor incompatibility, leading to the destruction of the newborn's red blood cells.
What is Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)?
This cellular process involves the reduction in cell size and function, often due to decreased workload, reduced blood supply, or lack of stimulation.
What is Atrophy?
This protein is the final product of the coagulation cascade, formed from fibrinogen, and plays a key role in stabilizing the blood clot by creating a mesh that traps blood cells and seals the wound.
What is Fibrin?
This type of lymphoma is marked by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and often presents with painless swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
What is Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
This condition occurs when breathing rate and depth increase, leading to a rapid expulsion of CO2 from the body, which can result in respiratory alkalosis and symptoms like dizziness or lightheadedness.
What is hyperventilation?
This chronic autoimmune disease causes the body's immune system to attack its own tissues and organs, leading to symptoms such as joint pain, skin rashes, and kidney problems.
What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
This cellular process involves an increase in the size of individual cells, typically in response to increased workload or hormonal stimulation.
What is Hypertrophy
This physiological process serves to protect the body by removing harmful stimuli, such as pathogens and damaged cells, and initiating tissue repair.
What is the inflammatory response?
This virus is strongly associated with the development of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and other types of lymphoma, as it can infect B cells and trigger abnormal cell growth.
What is Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)?
This life-threatening condition occurs when a blood clot, often from the legs (deep vein thrombosis), travels to the lungs, blocking a pulmonary artery and causing difficulty breathing, chest pain, and low oxygen levels.
What is a pulmonary embolism?
This autoimmune disease can present with a wide range of symptoms, including a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose, joint pain, fatigue, photosensitivity, and organ involvement, particularly in the kidneys.
What are the symptoms of lupus?
This condition occurs when blood flow to a tissue is restricted or reduced, leading to oxygen and nutrient deprivation, which can result in cell damage or death.
What is Ischemia?
This type of immunity is acquired when antibodies are transferred from one individual to another, such as through breast milk or through the administration of antibody-containing blood products.
What is Passive Immunity?
The most significant risk factor for this type of cancer is smoking, but other factors include exposure to secondhand smoke, asbestos, radon, and a family history of the disease.
What are the risk factors for lung cancer?
This viral infection primarily affects young children and causes inflammation of the upper airway, leading to a characteristic barking cough, stridor, and difficulty breathing.
What is croup?
This blood group system is essential for matching donors and recipients in blood transfusions. It involves the presence or absence of A and B antigens on red blood cells and antibodies against these antigens in the plasma.
What is the ABO blood group system?
This form of cell death is characterized by uncontrolled rupture of the cell membrane, leading to inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues, often due to injury or lack of blood supply.
What is Necrosis
This type of immunity develops when the body is exposed to an antigen and actively produces its own antibodies or activates immune cells, typically through infection or vaccination
What is active immunity?
This process involves the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones and plays a key role in wound healing, tissue growth, and in the development of tumors.
What is angiogenesis?
This condition occurs when air accumulates in the pleural space, causing the lung to collapse and leading to chest pain and difficulty breathing.
What is a pneumothorax?
This immediate allergic reaction is triggered when IgE antibodies bind to allergens, causing the release of histamine and other chemicals from mast cells, leading to symptoms like hives, asthma, or anaphylaxis.
What is Type 1 hypersensitivity?