Nicotine and Caffeine
These are crucial receptors for nicotine.
What are α4β2 receptors?
Cocaine can be taken orally, intranasally, or by injection, but cannot be used in this way.
What is smoking?
Propranolol and other drugs of this kind are often used in shooting sports to reduce tremors and anxiety.
What are beta-blockers?
This incredibly potent hallucinogen is also synthetic, a contrast to most other members of its cohort.
This major nicotine metabolite is under study for potential therapeutic effects in a variety of psychiatric conditions, such as PTSD, schizophrenia, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer’s disease.
What is cotinine?
At high concentrations, the inhibition of these channels gives cocaine analgesic properties.
This blood doping technique is actually completely legal.
What is high-altitude training?
Most hallucinogens are either serotonin-like or norepinephrine-like, also known as these.
What are indoleamines and phenethlyamines?
This caffeine metabolite has been used as a bronchodilator to treat asthma.
What is theophylline?
Both cocaine and amphetamine enter the presynapse via this protein.
What is DAT (dopamine transport)?
These drugs are similar in structure to testosterone, and thus some have use both as PEDs and in hormone replacement therapies.
What are anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS)?
This neural network, once considered "task-negative," may be critical for structuring concepts of self.
What is the default mode network (DMN)?
This enzyme, blocked by caffeine, typically removes the secondary messenger cAMP.
What is phosphodiesterase?
Methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity is more pronounced in this pathway compared to the mesolimbic pathway.
This PED is a pleiotropic substance that has many of both benefits and adverse effects, but most endurance sport competitors use it for its effect on red blood cell production.
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
Some psychedelics can induce this experience, where sensory modalities blur and associations occur more intensely.
What is synesthesia?
This neural pathway mediates the cognitive enhancements due to nicotine use.
What is the mesocortical pathway?
Ritalin and Vyvanse are the brand names for these two amphetamines.
What are methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine?
Many brain regions play roles in both the anxiety and aggression circuits, but these two predominately operate only in the aggression circuit.
What are the preoptic area and periaqueductal gray?
Salvia actually targets these receptors, as opposed to the targets of the more common indoleamine and phenethylamine hallucinogens.
What are kappa opioid receptors?