Neurobiology
_______ is a process in which a response or behavior is strengthened based on previous experiences.
Reinforcement
Three medications used to treat alcohol addiction:
Naltrexone, Acamprosate,Disulfiram
_______ and other ________ factors are likely involved in the emergence of alcohol dependence, along with cognitive, behavioral, temperament, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
Genetic, biological
The prevalence of alcohol use _______ dramatically during adolescence.
increases
Motor vehicle accidents and other types of accidental injury, such as drowning
Relationship problems
Poor performance at work or school
Increased likelihood of committing violent crimes or being the victim of a crime
Legal problems or problems with employment or finances
Problems with other substance use
Engaging in risky, unprotected sex, or becoming the victim of sexual abuse or date rape
Increased risk of attempted or completed suicide
can all be caused by:
Excessive drinking
Alcohol’s ______ ______ effects may contribute to alcohol-drinking behavior at this stage in people who suffer from coexisting psychiatric disorders and use alcohol to self-medicate these disorders.
negative reinforcing
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) originated the idea for the ______ ______ in 1938, when founder Bill Wilson wrote about the positive effects experienced when people struggling with alcoholism shared their stories with one another.
12-step model
The risk of alcohol use disorder is higher for people who have a parent or other close relative who has problems with alcohol. This may be influenced by genetic factors. Is called:
Family history
Youth who begin drinking by age 13 are ____ as likely to become alcoholics as youth who begin drinking at age 17 and ____ times more likely than those who begin at age 21.
twice,five
Heavy drinking can cause increased fat in the liver (hepatic steatosis), inflammation of the liver (alcoholic hepatitis), and over time, irreversible destruction and scarring of liver tissue (cirrhosis).
Liver disease
The incentive ______ theory of addiction posits that addictive drugs activate a common neural system responsible for attributing incentive salience to events and stimuli associated with the activation of that system
sensitization
Provides care 24 hours a day, generally in non-hospital settings. The best-known residential treatment model is the therapeutic community (TC), with planned lengths of stay of between 6 and 12 months.
Inpatient and residential treatment
It's common for people with a ____ ____ ____ such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder to have problems with alcohol or other substances.
mental health disorder
Based on the results of the US National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, the 12-month prevalence of AUD was __ among all adults, __ with alcohol abuse and __ with alcohol dependence, with higher AUD prevalence among men (12.4%), Native Americans (12.1%) and young adults [16.2% in the age group 18–29]
8.5%,4.7%,3.8%
A single binge can cause a serious heart arrhythmia called ____ ______.
Atrial fibrillation
Key elements of the reward circuit are ______ (DA) and _____ ______ neurons that act at both the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens and which are activated during initial alcohol use and early stages of the progression to dependence
dopamine, opioid peptide
This form of therapy might help a person be aware of the stressors, situations, and feelings that lead to substance use so that the person can avoid them or act differently when they occur.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Having friends or a close partner who drinks regularly could increase your risk of alcohol use disorder. Which factors?
Social and cultural
In 2014, alcohol-impaired driving fatalities accounted for ____ deaths
9,967
Excessive drinking can affect your _____ _____, causing numbness and pain in your hands and feet, disordered thinking, dementia, and short-term memory loss.
nervous system
Chronic exposure to high doses of alcohol can result in profound changes in the _______, proliferation, and survival of ______.
morphology,neurons
These are individuals in recovery who can use their own experiences to help others working towards recovery.
Peers
Many alcoholics drink alcohol to improve their moods and restore their spirits.
Psychological impacts
In 2010, alcohol misuse cost the United States ___ billion. _______ of the total cost of alcohol misuse is related to binge drinking.
$249,three-quarters
Long-term excessive alcohol use has been linked to a higher risk of many ______, including mouth, throat, liver, colon and breast cancer. Even moderate drinking can increase the risk of breast cancer.
cancers