Fluid Balance
What is ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)?
Hormone that causes the kidneys to retain water.
Normal electrolyte primarily responsible for nerve and muscle function.
Provide the normal range
What is potassium?
What is Ph 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 - 35-45
PaHCO3 22-26
: The major extracellular electrolyte responsible for regulating fluid balance.
What is sodium (Na⁺)?
A patient reports severe thirst, dry mucous membranes, and serum sodium of 150 mEq/L.
What is hypernatremia?
What is Aldosterone?
This hormone causes sodium and water retention.
Muscle weakness, constipation, and decreased reflexes are signs of this imbalance of which electrolyte?
Mention the normal range
What is hypercalcemia?
what is 9-10
pH 7.48, PaCO₂ 24, HCO₃ 24
Interpret this ABG
: What is metabolic alkalosis?
Confusion, headache, seizures, and cerebral edema are associated with this sodium imbalance.
What is hyponatremia?
A patient with hypernatremia should increase fluid intake because high sodium levels can cause this cellular effect.
What is cellular dehydration?
Cell will shrink.
: What is ANP (Atrial Natriuretic Peptide)?
This hormone helps the body get rid of excess sodium and water.
Tetany, numbness, tingling, and positive Chvostek's sign occur with this imbalance.
What is hypocalcemia?
pH 7.48, PaCO₂ 24, HCO₃ 24
Interpret this ABG
What is respiratory alkalosis?
This hormone is released when plasma osmolality increases and causes water retention.
What is ADH?
A patient with a sodium level of 120 mEq/L develops confusion, headache, and muscle cramps.
What happens to cell?
Wh
What is cell swelling (cellular edema)?
is hyponatremia?
What is dehydration (fluid volume deficit)?
Dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, and poor skin turgor suggest this imbalance.
Confusion, headache, seizures, and cerebral edema are complications of this imbalance
mentioned the normal range
What is hyponatremia?
135-145
Diarrhea and severe kidney disease commonly cause this imbalance.Mention the imbalance
What is metabolic acidosis?
A patient with heart failure develops edema because fluid moves from the vascular space into the tissues due to increased ______ pressure.
What is hydrostatic pressure?
A patient has a sodium level of 118 mEq/L. Water moves from the bloodstream into brain cells, producing this neurologic complication.
What is cerebral edema?
What is osmosis?
: Movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
Cardiac dysrhythmias and peaked T waves occur with this imbalance.
What is hyperkalemia?
A client hyperventilates during a panic attack.
What is respiratory alkalosis?
A client with severe hyperkalemia suddenly develops ventricular tachycardia. Why is this dangerous?
What is decreased cardiac electrical stability leading to cardiac arrest?
A patient with severe hyponatremia develops headache, confusion, seizures, and decreased level of consciousness
What is severe hyponatremia causing cerebral edema and neurological dysfunction?
What is increased ADH and aldosterone release to retain water and sodium?
example:
A patient experiences severe vomiting for several days and develops fluid volume deficit. Describe the compensatory hormonal response.
: This electrolyte imbalance can lead to cerebral edema and increased ICP.
What is severe hyponatremia?
A COPD patient has pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 58, HCO₃ 26.
: What is respiratory acidosis?
pH 7.25, PaCO₂ 55, HCO₃ 24
What is respiratory acidosis?
What is severe hyponatremia causing cerebral edema and neurological dysfunction?
A. Thirst
B. Dry mouth
C. Seizure activity
D. Mild fatigue
What is C. Seizure activity?
Rationale: Severe hyponatremia can cause cerebral edema, increased ICP, seizures, coma, and death.