Gas Exchange
Causes of obstructive lung disorders.
Obstructive (resistance to expiration) or the air can't get out. Asthma, COPD, and Chronic bronchitis. Cystic fibrosis. If there is obstruction anywhere in the airways it will be difficult for air to get out. A) Mechanical obstruction (foreign body; tumor; chronic mucus plugging (chronic bronchitis). B) increased resistance in the airway d/t thickening from inflammation. C) Increased tendency for airway closure i.e. asthma and emphysema. Examples COPD, asthma, emphysema.
Obstructive = OUT problem
The difference between osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and osteomylitis.
Osteoporosis is decreased bone density (‘porosis = porous bones). Osteomalacia is soft bones due to Vitamin D. Deficiency resulting in poor mineralization. Osteomyelitis is a bone infection (often staph)
The difference between an open and a closed fracture.
What is with an open fracture the skin has been pierced by the bone but with a closed fracture the skin is intact.
Cause shortness of breath in someone with anemia.
What is lack of hemoglobin.
Causes of restrictive lung disorders.
Air can't get IN. Reduced lung capacity. Lungs become stiff.
Cause of muscular dystrophy.
MD is a genetic disorder causing progressive muscle weakness d/t muscle fibers being replaced by fat. Duchenne’s MD is an X-linked disorder. Symptoms include a ‘Gowers’ sign where children use hands to stand.
The difference between a compression fracture and a comminuted fracture.
What is with a Compression fracture the bone collapses, while a comminuted fracture the bone has been shattered into multiple pieces.
Body compensation to maintain homeostasis in a person with altered gas exchange.
What is increased respiratory rate.
The purpose of pulmonary function tests.
What is to measure how well the lungs are working by assessing:
Pulmonary Function Tests help determine whether a patient has an obstructive disease (difficulty getting air out) or a restrictive disease (difficulty getting air in) by measuring airflow and lung volumes.
Results of immobility.
What are
Symptoms of a fat embolism.
What is SOB, neuro changes, and petechiae. A PE is a blood clot that travels to the lungs with s/s of SOB, chest pain, and tachycardia.
The difference between a sprain and a strain.
What is an injury to a ligament (bone to bone connection) that happens around a joint, which is a sprain and an injury to a muscle or tendon (muscle to bone) injury which is a strain.
The difference in PFT results for obstructive lung problem versus restrictive lung disorder.
1) Obstructive Disease (COPD, Asthma)
Problem: Air can't get out
Example:
Patient takes a deep breath but struggles to exhale quickly because narrowed airways trap air.
2) Restrictive Disease (Pulmonary Fibrosis, ARDS)
Problem: Air can't get in
Example:
Patient has stiff lungs and cannot take a full breath, so overall lung volume is reduced.
Complications of a neck spinal cord injury.
What are
autonomic dysreflexia
urinary retention
pressure ulcers
The time it takes for a fat embolism to occur.
What is 24-72 hours for a long bone fracture and is made up of bone marrow fat.
Injuries that occur with tendon or ligament. .
What are tearing, rupturing, and inflammatory response
Condition that results from a total or partial airway obstruction during an asthma attack.
What is hypoxia.
Symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia.
What are
Autonomic Dysreflexia (AD) is a medical emergency that occurs in patients with a spinal cord injury at or above T6. It happens when a painful or irritating stimulus below the level of the injury triggers an exaggerated sympathetic nervous system response, causing severe hypertension.
Complications of immobility.
What are
Types of immobility.
What are