Epidemio-logy
IDK
Figure it out
Who knows
IDK take 2
100

What is the portal of entrance?

  • The path by which the infectious agent enters the host
  • Can be the same as the portal of exit  
100

How is canadian healthcare paid for?

  • 70% is funded through taxes "single payor"

  • Government payments

  • Insurance

  • Out-of-pocket

100

Can I have an illness and still be healthy?

Yes

ex: physical health may not be okay but mental/emotional health is okay

100

What is Canada's Health Act?

  • Protect, promote, restore health

  • Prohibit fees, reasonable access

  • 1984 debate – MD extra billing leading to 2-tiered system

  • Aim: eligible residents get reasonable access without charges

  • Federal legislation

    • Puts conditions and provisions in place for provincial and territorial funding for health care services

    • 5 main principles or criteria in the Canada Health Act

100

What are internal risk factors?

  • Biologic dimension (genetic makeup, gender, age, and developmental level)  
  • Psychological dimension (mind–body interactions and self-concept) 
  • Cognitive dimension (intellectual factors including lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs)
200

What are airborne precautions?

  • For known or suspected infections caused by microbes transmitted by airborne droplet    (measles, varicella, tuberculosis)
  • Private room with negative pressure air-flow
  • Respiratory protection device (N95)
200

SDOH: Environment

  • Busy city - lots of pollution

  • Is there safe drinking water, fresh air, clean soil

  • Is healthy food being brought in- is it good

200

People with no fixed address are more likely to be...

  • women, kids, single moms, disabled, elderly with no sig. other and family, immigrants, racialized groups (IPOC)

  • Impacted by SDOH

  • Have limited access to transportation and childcare

  • Have increased stress, incidents of MH challenges and addiction

  • This all impacts access to disease prevention strategies, worsening health challenges

200

Erikson's Theory: Maturity

Ego integrity vs. Despair (65+ yrs)


- Hopefully they lived a fulfilling life and can have positive feelings and not disappointment.


- Physical, social losses- retirement, illness.


- Growth and wisdom. 

200

Types of Approaches: Reports

  1. Medical
  2. Behavioural = Lalonde report 1974
  3. Socioenvironmental = Ottawa charter 1986
300

What is herd immunity?

  • Resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population based on pre-existing immunity of a high proportion of individuals as a result of previous infection or vaccination
  • Herd immunity indirectly protects:
    • newborns who have not yet received all of their vaccines
    • people who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons,
    • people who may not adequately respond to immunization such as the elderly
300

Disease

  • an objective state of ill health, the pathology of which can be detected by medical science - etiology can often be identified

300

What is vaccine hesitancy?

  • Vaccine decision-making involves a complex process of accepting or refusing a vaccine based on individual, contextual, and vaccine-specific factors


  • Vaccine hesitancy → the refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccination services
    • Contextual & Fluid
    • Multifactorial
300

an individual’s degree of resistance to a pathogen

What is susceptibility?

300

What are health promotion strategies?

  • Build healthy public policy (no smoking indoors)

  • Create supportive environments (resources access to everyone)

  • Strengthen community action (labour unions, community kitchen)

  • Develop personal skills (courses and education)

  • Reorient health services (health resources outside of doctors office and hospital - cultural and linguistically capable)

*Nurses can ask, listen, support, provide, refer, educate, etc

400

What is droplet transmission?

  • Large particles from an infected persons respiratory system are propelled onto a susceptible host
  • Droplets are generated in the upper respiratory system
  • Propelled a short distance (i.e. 2m)
  • Examples: Influenza, Rubella, RSV, COVID-19
400

Epidemiology: infection

  • A disease state resulting from the entry and multiplication of a pathogen into the tissue of a host
400

What is Piagets theory of moral development?

  1. Premoral - will not follow rules
  2. Conventional - will follow rules
  3. Autonomous - mutual respect for the rules impacted by morals and consequences
400

What are health promotion principles?

  • Context

  • Holistic

  • Long-term

  • Multisectoral

  • Draw on knowledge

400

 Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1yr)
- Teach with anticipatory guidance- prevention with understanding of growth and development stage

- Focus is on the parents….the baby needs security!

- The child worries when their caregiver leaves, wondering if they are safe and who they can trust.
- Need constant care. 

Erikson's theory: infancy

500

What are factors leading to antibiotic resistance?

1. Administering antibiotics for viral infections.

2. Prescribing unnecessary antibiotics (i.e. patient pressuring). 

3. Inadequate drug regimen to treat an infection.

4. Improper use of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

5. Incomplete antibiotic treatment.

500

What does medicare do?

- Eye care


- Medications not covered
- Dental care not covered
- Home care coverage is province dependent

500

What are examples of health challenges?

diabetes, obesity, health disease, mental health, addiction problems

500

What are the other behaviour change techniques?

  • Shaping
  • Visualizing
  • Modelling/observing others
  • Posititve reinforcement (controllong the situation)
  • Self talk (Rational-emotional therapy, self instructional method)
  • Self assessment
  • Self-help or self-change groups
500

Health care delivery: community/volunteer

  • PH and HCC, 
  • Physician office, 
  • Clinic, 
  • Assisted living, 
  • Occ Health, 
  • Adult day programs, 
  • Hospice, 
  • Parish
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