Renal
Which bacteria often causes pyelonephritis?
E. Coli or Enterococcus faecalis
Name 1 nonsurgical & 1 surgical intervention for a intestinal obstruction
Nonsurgical: NG tubes, IV fluid replacement & maintenance
Surgical: Exploratory laparotomy or colectomy
How are each of the 5 types of Hepatitis transmitted? Which 2 have vaccines available?
Hep A: fecal - oral *has a vaccine*
Hep B: bloodborne *has a vaccine*
Hep C: bloodborne
Hep D: only people with Hep B are at risk
Hep E: fecal-oral
Continuous or vigorous bubbling in the water seal chamber of a chest tube drainage system may indicate what?
Air leak
You just started a blood transfusion for your patient and they are now exhibiting signs of a transfusion reaction. What is the first thing you do?
Stop the transfusion
Name 3 s/s you may see in a patient with glomerulonephritis
Headache, HTN, facial/periorbital edema, lethargic, low grade fever, weight gain, proteinuria/hematuria/oliguria/dysuria
Name 3 s/s of peritonitis
Rigid/boardlike abdomen (classic), diminishing bowel sounds, guarding, abdominal pain/tenderness/distention
Name 3 teachings for patients undergoing radiation to help prevent/reduce radiation dermatitis
Good skin care/hygiene, avoid scrubbing, stay in the shade, avoid friction/restrictive clothing/massaging/heat
Name 3 s/s of Acute Respiratory Failure
Dyspnea, orthopnea, hypoxemia, hypercarbia, restlessness, irritability, agitation, decreased LOC, confusion, hypotension
What is neutropenia? Thrombocytopenia? Pancytopenia? Anemia?
Neutropenia: low WBCs
Thrombocytopenia: low platelets
Pancytopenia: low RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
Anemia: low RBCs/hemoglobin
Name 2 acute & 2 chronic s/s of pyelonephritis
Acute: flank pain, fever, chills, abdominal/colicky pain
Chronic: HTN, inability to conserve sodium, nocturia, tendency to develop hyperkalemia & acidosis
Name 2 differences between Ulcerative Colitis & Crohn's disease
Ulcerative Colitis: limited to large intestine/colon, continuous inflammation, typically in the LLQ, ulcers penetrate inner lining of the abdomen only, bleeding is common during bowel movements
Crohn's disease: anywhere in the GI tract, patches of inflammation, typically in the RLQ, ulcers penetrate the entire thickness of the abdominal lining, bleeding is uncommon during bowel movements
Name 2 early & 1 late sign of hepatic encephalopathy. How is it treated & what is the treatment goal?
Early: mental changes, mood disturbances, speech problems, sleep disturbances
Late: Coma, seizures
Treatment: lactulose
Goal: 2-3 loose stools/day and pt remains alert & oriented
What do you do if your patient's chest tube has become disconnected from the drainage system?
Put end of tube in a container of sterile water and keep below the level of the patient's chest
What are 2 possible complications of Total Enteral Nutrition?
Obstructed (clogged) tube, tube misplacement/dislodgement, abdominal distention, N/V, fluid & electrolyte imbalance, referring syndrome
Name 3 symptoms of BPH, a nonsurgical intervention, and a surgical intervention
S/S: frequency/urgency, "weak" stream, hesitancy, straining to begin stream, postvoid dribbling, sensation of incomplete bladder emptying
Nonsurgical: tamsulosin (alpha-adrenergic blocker), measures to reduce pain/spasm, avoid a large amount of fluid elimination, catheter for acute condition (if unable to void)
Surgical: TURP
Name 3 signs that a pt with an intestinal obstruction has experienced a bowel perforation
Increasing abdominal pain, rigid abdomen, vomiting, hypotension
Name 3 s/s of lymphoma
Large/painless lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, unplanned weight loss
What are the 4 common complications seen in ET intubation?
Displaced tube, obstructed tube (most often with secretions), pneumothorax, and equipment problems
Name the 4 types of leukemia and the treatment for each
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): cytarabine and daunorubicin or idarubicin
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL): combo chemotherapy
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): "watchful waiting" then chemotherapy
Name 3 interventions for a patient with an Acute Kidney Injury
Avoid hypotension, reduce exposure to nephrotoxic agents and drugs, frequently monitor labs, monitor I & O, drug therapy, nutrition, kidney replacement therapy (intermittent vs continuous)
What are the diets for diverticulosis and diverticulitis?
Diverticulosis: lots of fluids, High fiber (fresh fruits/veggies, wheat bran, whole grains, cereals) - 25-35 g/day, avoid: alcohol, seeds, and indigestible material (nuts, corn, popcorn, cucumbers, tomatoes, and figs)
Diverticulitis: low fiber, encourage rest & avoid activities that increase intraabdominal pressure
Fatigue, weakened immune system, neuropathy, nausea, more bruising & bleeding, pain, alopecia, difficulty breathing, sores in the mouth, rashes, swelling, heart issues, changes in personality or behavior
Name 3 s/s & a possible intervention for a pneumothorax
S/S: sudden/pleuritic pain, chest discomfort, anxiety, air hunger, breath sounds diminished or absent on affected side, tracheal deviation away from the midline toward the unaffected side (severe)
Interventions: needle decompression/chest tube placement, pain control, pulmonary hygiene, monitor for respiratory failure
What are some lab values you would expect in a pt with cirrhosis?
Elevated AST/ALT, elevated bilirubin, decreased albumin, prolonged PT/INR