Psychosis Pt 3 + LSD
-Quetiapine
-Olanzapine + SSRIs
-Aripiprazole
What are some common atypical antipsychotics used to treat bipolar disorder?
2 positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
what is
-hallucinations
-delusions
Primarily motor, sensory symptoms. Typically no loss of consciousness.
2 motor symptoms of PD.
what is (2):
-tremor at rest
-bradykinesia
-akinesia
-rigidity
-shuffling gait
The 3 misconceptions of DID.
What is
1) DID is a fad
2) DID is primarily diagnosed in North America
3) DID is rare
what is (3):
-increased vividness of color
-movement of kaleidoscopic imagery
-enhanced sensitivity to music
-altered sense of touch/texture
-synesthesia
The order of the schizophrenia spectrum, from least severe to most severe.
what is..
1) delusional disorder
2) brief psychotic disorder
3) schizophreniform disorder
4) schizophrenia
5) schizo affective disorder
The 4 etiologies of epilepsy.
1) genetics
2) infection
3) injury
4) unknown
The two common treatments of PD and an implication of each.
What is
1) L-Dopa
-dyskinesia is major side effect with prolonged use
-wearing off phenomenon
2) deep brain stimulation
-seems to lose efficacy overtime
The key points of the Spanos thesis.
-argued DID is a social construct
-DID is form of role-playing between patients (seeking attention from therapist) and therapist (urge of discovery)
excessive goal/reward deactivation, leading to cluster of depressive symptoms, and decreased motivation, goal-setting, self-confidence
3 chronic psychological effects of daily high potency use of cannabis.
1) increased risk of psychosis in dose-dependent manner
2) earlier onset of psychosis
3) CBD leads to behavioural responses in ppl with schizo similar to atypical antipsychotics
WHAT IS
1) anticonvulsants
2) ketogenic diet
3) vagus nerve stimulation
4) surgical procedures for hard to treat epilepsy
The Michael J Fox Controversy.
What is
-was in ad for politician
-showed severe signs of dyskinesia
-politician on opposite spectrum accused Fox of faking or overexaggerating symptoms to increase impact of ad
-In reality, was displaying symptoms from taking too much L-dopa, a medication he was taking for his PD
2 structural changes evident in individuals with DID.
- smaller hippo
-smaller amy
-dec volume of parietal structures like posterior parietal cortex
-larger white matter tracts
these receptors is thought to be associated with thought disorder associated with LSD and the paranoid that appears later in the trip
what are dopamine type 1 and 2 receptors?
The 4 main theories/hypothesis of schizophrenia we learned in class.
- Serotonin hypotheis
-Dopamine theory
-Glutamergic theory
-Immune dysfunction theory
The definition of an epileptic aura and 2 reasons why they are helpful.
-a warning sensation that can occur before a focal seizure
-can warn person of impending seizure
-nature of aura can sometimes provide clues about where in the brain the seizure is starting
The major neuropathological hallmark of PD and PDD.
What is
-degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra, decreasing dopamine levels
lewy bodies present, and in PDD 10x more lewy bodies in cortex than SN
The DSM-5 Criteria for DID.
What is
A) disruption of identity
-2+ distinct personality states
B) recurrent gaps in memory
-everyday events, important personal info, traumatic events
C) Distress and problems in everyday life
-work, relationships, other areas
D) Symptoms not normal cultural/religious practices
The 3 key points of the serotonin hypothesis of schizophrenia.
what is...
1) psychological effects of LSD, psilocybin/psilocin are mediated by 5-HT21 receptor
2) 5-HT2A receptor abnormalities evident in brains of schizo + at risk ppl
3) 5-HT2A antagonism known to contribute to effects of atypical antipsychotics
lmao
3 pieces of evidence supporting the dopamine theory of schizophrenia.
what is
1) brains of ppl w PD have marked dopamine depletion, and antipsychotic drugs produce symptoms similar to PD
2) drugs known to inc dopamine (ex. cocaine) produce symptoms of schizo
3) efficacy of antipsychotic drug is correlated with its ability to block activity at dopamine receptors
2 pieces of evidence that astrocytes play a role in development of epilepsy.
What is (2)
- astrocytic functions compromised in epilepsy
-astrocytic functions contribute to pathological changes in synaptic transmission/hyperexcitability
-dysfunctional adenosine transmission linked to astrocytic pathophysiology in epilepsy
-astrocyte-mediated inflammation can promote epileptogenesis
The key points of the MPTP model of PD and why it is used mainly on primates only.
-MPTP specifically targets dopamine receptors
-MPTP converts into MPP+ which is taken up by dopamine receptor
-administered to primates because rodents are very resistant to MPTP
The 3 phases to the triphasic approach to treating DID.
-focus on symptom stabilization though teaching affect/impulse regulating skills
-communication/cooperation between dissociated states
Phase 2
-focus on slow step-wise processing of trauma that led to dissociation
Phase 3
-focus on integration of identities
-reduction of dissociation as coping mechanism