Vitamins & Supplements
A lack of vitamin K can increase risk of what?
Bleeding
How often does someone need a Tdap booster?
every 10 years
What is the objective of drug therapy?
To provide the maximum benefit with minimal harm.
Define pharmacokinetics.
The movement and modification of medication in the body.
Define pharmacodynamics.
What supplement is helpful for nausea?
Ginger root
At what age should the HPV vaccine be started?
Age 11-12
What is the difference in the brand name and generic name for a drug? Provide an example with spelling.
The brand name is the trade name and is uppercased and the generic name is the universal name written in all lower case. Ex: Tylenol is acetaminophen
What are the four phases of pharmacokinetics and what happens in each?
1. Absorption - movement of drug into the bloodstream
2. Distribution - movement of drug into various tissues
3. Metabolism - break down of the drug
4. Excretion - elimination of the drug from the body
Differentiate between efficacy and potency.
Efficacy is the largest effect a drug can produce, where potency is the dosage needed to achieve that effect.
Example 2mg of ibuprofen and 10mg of acetaminophen have different potencies but the same efficacy.
At what point in pregnancy should a woman ensure she is taking adequate folic acid?
Prior to becoming pregnant and through first trimester
Is passive immunity temporary or permanent?
Temporary
Define therapeutics.
The medical use of drugs.
What is the most common way for a drug to cross the cell membrane and what type of molecule does this method work for?
Direct penetration for lipid soluble molecules.
What is the difference between an agonist and antagonist drug?
Agonists occupy receptors and activate them, where antagonists occupy receptors but do not activate them and block out agonists.
What supplement can help with menopause?
Black Cohosh
Which vaccine should not be given if a patient lives with someone who is immunocompromised?
varicella virus
How many times should the nurse compare a medication against the MAR and at what steps?
1. Compare med with med stock
2. Compare med after pulling med
3. Compare med after popping pill into med cup
A peak is drawn to find a concentration of 20 and the drug has a half life of 1 hour. At what concentration will the drug plateau?
Answer: 38.75
Start Concentration = 20, after 1 hour = 10
Second dose raises to 30, after 2 hour = 15
third dose raises to 35, after 3 hour = 17.5
fourth dose raises to 37.5, after 4 hour = 18.75
fifth dose raises to 38.75 which is plateau
Differentiate between additive, potentiating, and synergistic effects.
Additive - same as if taken indecently (2+2=4)
Potentiating - increases the effect of one drug (0+10=20)
Synergistic - response is greater than if taken alone (2+2=10)
List three supplements that can increase bleeding risk in patients and should be avoided with anti-platelet medications.
Ginger root, ginko biloba, garlic
Anaphylaxis may occur in patients with an allergy to what agents taking MMR vaccine?
gelatin and neomycin
What are the 7 responsibilities of the nurse when it comes to medications?
1. Assessment
2. Dosage Calculation
3. Evaluation of Effect
4. Minimize Side Effects
5. PRN Decision Making
6. Managing Toxicity
7. Education
Explain the difference between the therapeutic window and therapeutic index.
The therapeutic index is a ratio that explains the general idea of a drugs safety margin (smaller the ratio the less safe the drug) and therapeutic window is a specific range of concentrations where the drug is both safe and effective.
When taking what three drugs should someone avoid eating bitter oranges?
Benzodiazepines
Calcium Channel Blockers
Statins