Venous Insufficiency
This physical exam finding includes brown discoloration of the lower extremities from iron deposition.
What is hemosiderin staining?
This lifestyle modification is the single most important one to slow progression of PAD.
What is smoking cessation?
This type of syncope is triggered by pain, emotional stress, or prolonged standing.
What is vasovagal syncope?
These inflammatory markers are almost always elevated and help support a diagnosis of GCA.
What are ESR and CRP?
This rare but serious complication of pulmonary hypertension involves coughing up blood.
What is hemoptysis?
This is a life long non-pharmacologic management strategy to improve venous return.
What are compression stockings?
This is a classic symptom of cramping when walking that is relieved with rest.
What is intermittent claudication?
This red flag history of syncope requires emergent work-up when syncope occurs during this type of activity.
What is exertional activity?
This location of headache is the most common presenting complaint of those with GCA?
What is the temporal area?
This is the measurement difference between calf circumference that is concerning for the presence of a DVT.
What is 3 cm?
These are two symptoms of venous insufficiency that typically worsen throughout the day and improve with elevation.
This medication improves walking distance by vasodilation and inhibiting platelet aggregation but should be avoided in those with heart failure.
This is an essential initial diagnostic test that should be performed on all older adults presenting with a history of syncope.
What is an EKG?
What is vision loss?
This is the pharmacologic mainstay of treatment for DVT and should begin within as soon as possible after diagnosis.
What is anticoagulant therapy?
This diagnostic imaging is a first line recommendation used to diagnose venous insuffiency.
What is compression ultrasound?
This concerning finding is when a patient with a hx of advanced PAD has severe pain relieved with dependency.
What is critical limb ischemia?
This condition often caused by dehydration or medications often causes syncope upon standing.
What is orthostatic hyptension?
This medication is ordered often before a confirmatory biopsy to treat GCA and prevent complications.
What is an oral corticosteroid?
Stenosis of this heart valve can cause elevated pressure in the left atrium and elevated pulmonary venous pressure causing pulmonary hypertension.
What is the aortic valve?
This is an emergent concern for a nurse practitioner when on exam, one of their patient's lower legs is increased in size, warm to touch, and painful.
What is DVT?
This significant health risk may be asymptomatic but is present in up to 70% of patients with PAD.
What is coronary artery disease?
This cause of syncope causes abnormal heart rhythms such as ventricular tachycardia.
What is arrhythmia?
This is the gold standard of diagnosis for GCA, although false negatives can occur.
What is temporal artery biopsy?
This complication of DVT can cause shortness of breath and can lead to respiratory failure and cardiac arrest.
What is pulmonary embolism?