From Heart to There
A client with this heart rhythym disorder is at risk for developing a pulmonary embolism or embolic stroke.
"What is atrial fibrillation?"
Oxygenation in clients who have ARDS is improved when placed in this position.
"What is prone position?"
This type of chest movement may be seen in a client with a flail chest.
"What are paradoxical chest movements?"
This classification of burn is wet and shiny, with a weeping surface.
"What is a partial thickness burn?"
A pH level less than 7.35 is considered ______.
"What is acidic?
This is an early sign of malignant hyperthermia because the condition triggers an abnormal response in skeletal muscle cells following exposure to certain anesthetic agents.
"What is muscular rigidity?"
In this condition there is a profound hyperglycemia (usually >600 mg/dL), severe dehydration, and little to no ketones because enough insulin is present to prevent lipolysis and ketogenesis.
"What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?"
This type of transplants are human to human donations.
"What are allografts?"
A client with long-standing ulcerative colitis is most likely anemic due to this.
"What is chronic blood loss in small amounts that occurs over time?"
This is the medication of choice for managing the pain and anxiety of an acute MI. By reducing preload and afterload, it decreases the work of the heart.
"What is morphine?"
This is released by the myocardial muscle when injury occurs.
"What is troponin?"
Diminished breath sounds on one side with tracheal deviation and hypoxia after intubation suggests this.
"What is a pneumothorax?"
Signs of this condition include include restlessness, irritability and confusion along with a change in level of consciousness, or a change in speech pattern.
"What is increasing intracranial pressure?"
This classification of burn typically has a dry surface.
"What is a full-thickness burn?"
22-26 mEq/L is the normal range of this compnent of an ABG analysis.
"What is HCO3?"
This involuntary response increases metabolic demand and counteracts cooling, signaling the nurse to intervene during therapeutic hypothermia.
"What is shivering?"
Vasopressin is used to control the symptoms associated with diabetes insipidus.
"What is frequent urination, increased thirst, and loss of water?"
These types of transplants involve organs and tissues from animlas to humans.
"What are xenografts?"
This is a major complication of peritoneal dialysis in which the peritoneum becomes infected due to contamination at the dialysis connection site.
"What is peritonitis?"
This type of insulin is the only type of insulin that can be given IV.
"What is regular insulin?"
Adenosine, oxygen therapy, and cardioversion are appropriate treatments for this type of dysrhythmia.
"What is supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?"
Assessing this provides objective data on oxygenation and ventilation, directly evaluating the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving respiratory function in an ARDS client. This is critical for guiding ongoing care and detecting deterioration early.
"What is assessing ABGs?"
This condition can be caused by various noxious and painful stimuli like fecal impaction, a kinked urinary catheter, or constrictive clothing.
"What is autonomic dysreflexia?"
This classification of burn has an intact epidermis.
"What is a superficial burn?"
Sodium bicarbonate is given IV to treat this acid base imbalance.
"What is metabolic acidosis?"
This is a systemic response that can result from cooling during therapeutic hypothermia because it causes vasoconstriction and decreased cardiac output.
"What is mild hypotension?"
Checking this before IV insulin administration prevents dangerous cardiac arrhythmias.
"What is checking potassium levels?"
An autograft is a surgical procedure transplanting this.
"What is a patient's own tissue from one part of the body to another?"
This syndrome can develop during or after hemodialysis. The syndrome is caused by the rapid decrease in fluid volume and BUN levels during dialysis.
"What is dialysis disequilibrium syndrome?"
Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) involves an initial bolus of this.
"What is 0.9% normal saline?"
Key clinical findings of this condition include a pulsatile abdominal mass near the umbilicus and the presence of a bruit over the abdominal aorta.
"What is an abdominal aortic aneurysym (AAA)?"
For this reason, clients with ARDS are placed on fluid restrictions and diuretics.
"What is to minimize pulmonary edema?"
According to the Monro-Kellie hypothesis, the total volume within the fixed cranial space is constant. If brain tissue swells, CSF volume must decrease. Why?
"What is to to compensate and prevent ICP from rising further?"
This type of burn can affect the heart's conduction system.
"What is an electrical burn?"
This acid base imbalance occurs when there is retention of CO2 due to an impairment of respiratory function. It can be caused by a multitude of both acute and chronic conditions that result in respiratory depression (hypoventilation).
"What is respiratory acidosis?"
This is an expected response to cooling and the resulting decrease in metabolism during therapeutic hypothermia.
"What is bradycardia?"
Sweating, tachycardia, tremors, palpitations, hunger, and anxiety are clinical manifestations of this.
"What is hypoglycemia?"
This type of immune reaction occurs when antibodies in the blood react to foreign blood cells introduced by a transfusion. It can result in acute renal injury, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and circulatory collapse.
"What is a hemolytic transfusion reaction?"
During hemodialysis, the change in levels of this can cause cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure.
"What is change in urea levels?"
IV therapy for fluid resuscitation is a primary intervention for this type of shock.
"What is hypovolemic shock?"
This condition is caused by abnormal coagulation involving the formation of multiple small clots that consume clotting factors and fibrinogen faster than the body can produce them, increasing the risk for hemorrhage.
"What is disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?"
For this reason, a chest tube should never be clamped.
"Because it can lead to a tension pneumothorax (collapse of the lung) due to increased intrathoracic pressure from gas and fluid that cannot be drained from the pleural space?"
A decreasing level of consciousness and unequal pupils are critical signs of _____ and possibly ____ or ____.
"What is increased intracranial pressure and possible cerebral edema or ischemia?"
Manifestations of this stage pressure ulcer can include full-thickness skin loss with necrotic and adipose tissue.
"What is a stage 3 pressure ulcer?"
This acid base imbalance occurs when there is an alteration in the level of hydrogen ions or a reduction in the amount of bicarbonate available. It can be the result of diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, hypoxia, renal or liver failure, dehydration, or diarrhea.
"What is metabolic acidosis?"
For this reason, hypokalemia occurs with cooling during therapeutic hypothermia.
"What is due to the intracellular shift of potassium?"
This condition leads to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia, which manifests as a bounding pulse and changes in level of consciousness due to cerebral effects.
"What is SIADH?"
A child less than 3 months of age with a temperature higher than 100.4°F should be evaluated for sepsis for this reason.
"Because the child is at increased risk secondary to an immature immune system?"
The minimum amount of urine needed to rid the body of metabolic waste products in a 24 hour period is ____.
"What is 400 mL/24 hours?"
This medication is an osmotic diuretic is used to decrease intracranial pressure by moving fluid out of the ventricles into the bloodstream.
"What is mannitol?"
This type of myocardial infarction indicates complete coronary artery occlusion, requiring rapid reperfusion (PCI or thrombolytics) to restore blood flow and minimize myocardial damage. This is a time-critical emergency.
"What is a STEMI (ST-elevation)?"
For this reason, the chest tube drainange system should be kept below the level of the client's chest.
"What is to prevent air and drainage fluid from re-entering the thoracic cavity?"
This syndrome manifests with symptoms such as ipsilateral motor paralysis, ipsilateral loss of proprioception and vibratory sense, and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.
"What is Brown-Sequard syndrome?"
This stage of pressure injury often involves intact skin that is reddened and non-blanchable
"What is a stage 1 pressure injury?"
This acid base imablance occurs when there is an alteration in the level of HCO3 along with an increase in the pH of the blood. Some of the causes of this imbalance include ingesting too much antacid, prolonged vomiting or NG suction, and thiazide diuretics.
"What is metabolic alkalosis?"
This condition is characterized by manifestations such as hypertension, tachycardia, tachypnea, muscular rigidity, hypercapnia, cardiac arrhythmias, and hyperkalemia.
"What is malignant hyperthermia?"
In this type of DI, the kidneys do not respond to ADH, so urine osmolality does not increase after vasopressin administration. Desmopressin would be ineffective.
"What is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?"
During this phase of Guillain-Barre Syndrome, symptoms worsen quickly, and patients are at high risk for respiratory failure due to muscle weakness.
"What is the acute inflammatory phase?"
Decreased BUN and creatinine levels and an increase in GFR are associated with this phase of acute kidney injury.
"What is the diuresis phase?"
This medication is considered a first-line treatment for symptomatic bradycardia.
"What is atropine?"
A pulmonary artery catheter is inserted into the pulmonary artery and monitors a client's hemodynamic status by measuring ______ and _______.
"What is pulmonary artery pressures and cardiac output?"
For clients with a chest tube, petroleum gauze and 2 clamps are necessary for this reason.
"What is in case of tube dislodgement or suspected air leak?"
This is why clients with spinal cord injury are at risk for developing neurogenic shock.
"What is because both blood pressure and heart rate are controlled by the autonomic nervous system?"
This type of tissue injury manifests as intact skin with purple discoloration or a blood-filled blister.
"What is a deep tissue injury?"
This acid base imalance occurs when there is an excessive loss of CO2 through hyperventilation.
"What is respiratory alkalosis?"
For this reason, patients with malignant hyperthermia often have dark colored urine.
"What is muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis) releasing myoglobin into the bloodstream, indicating severe muscle damage?"
In this type of DI, the kidneys respond to ADH but the body is deficient in its production. Desmopressin replaces ADH.
"What is central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus?"
During this phase of Guillain-Barre, clients experience symptom improvement and nerve function restoration.
"What is the recovery phase?"
Levels of this electrolyte are reduced by the process of diffusion during hemodialysis.
"What is potassium?"
The goal of treatment for shock with this medication is to improve the ability of the heart to pump blood to increase cardiac output, increase blood pressure, and to perfuse vital organs.
"What is Dopamine?"
Because DIC results in the formation of multiple, small clots that consume key clotting factors, the nurse should expect these three laboratory values to be prolonged.
"What are aPTT, PT and INR?"
Clients with ARDS are often sedated and paralyzed to ______ and _______.
"What is to provide mechanical ventilation and to decrease oxygen needs?"
This term is used to describe the clinical manifestations of increased systolic pressure, widening pulse pressure and bradycardia in clients with increased ICP.
"What is Cushing's Triad?"
Manifestations of this stage of pressure ulcer can include full-thickness skin loss with exposed or palpable bone or muscle.
"What is a stage 4 pressure ulcer?"
For this reason, Allen's Test is performed prior to obtaining ABGs.
"What is to assess collateral circulation by ensuring that the ulnar artery is patent as this will ensure a sort of backup route for perfusion in the event there is a complication when the radial artery is accessed?"
For this reason, metabolic acidosis occurs in clients with malignant hyperthermia.
"What is due to increased lactic acid production caused by the extreme metabolic state?"
In obesity, insulin has a decreased ability to influence glucose metabolism and uptake by ______, ______, and ______.
"What is influence glucose metabolism and uptake by the liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissue?"
This type of acid base imbalance may be seen in clients with Guillain-Barre who experience respiratory muscle paralysis.
"What is respiratory acidosis?"
An elevated ____ with normal _____ lab results suggests non-renal causes like dehydration or increased protein catabolism.
"What is an elevated BUN with a normal creatinine level?"
This medication increases collateral blood flow, redistributes blood flow toward the subendocardium, and dilates the coronary arteries.This allows more oxygen to be delivered to the heart.
"What is nitroglycerine?"