Language Acquisition
The approximate age that children begin reading.
What is around 5 or 6 years old?
The manner of these phonemes: /m/ /n/ /ng/
What are nasals?
Fatty tissue that covers the axon.
What is the myelin sheath?
A condition when the muscles that a person uses for speaking weaken or it becomes difficult to control those muscles.
What is dysarthria?
What is the purpose of an Oral Peripheral Exam?
Evaluates the structure and function of the speech mechanism to assess whether the system is adequate for speech production.
An individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of words.
What is Phonological Awareness?
These types of speech sounds are produced without the use or vibration of the vocal folds.
What are voiceless phonemes?
Created in the choroid plexus of the ventricles. Surrounds the brain and spinal cord, traveling within the subarachnoid space of the meninges. Absorbed back into the blood by the dural venous sinuses. Contains glucose, proteins, liquids, electrolytes. Provides nutrients and removes biochemical waste.
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
The type of phonological process that causes sleep to become /sip/.
What is cluster reduction?
A form of inspiration that only uses the diaphragm.
What is Quiet Inspiration?
Bilinguals who acquire both languages before the age of 5.
What are Simultaneous Bilinguals?
Positive air pressure from the lungs forces the vocal folds open momentarily but the high velocity produces a lowered pressure which brings them back together.
What is the Bernoulli effect?
The way signals are sent. Electro-chemical imbalance, resting state is -70mV. 3 Na+ ions move out for every 2 K+ ions are pumped into the cell through the sodium potassium pump. Action potential must reach a certain peak (change in the neuron’s membrane) allowing for transmission of electrical signals. The synapse receives these signals.
What is neural transmission?
What are two effects of cleft lips and/or palate on speech?
Problems with velopharyngeal closure. Hypernasal vowels and nasal emission on consonants.
Compensatory articulations. Occlude the airway behind the velopharyngeal port for all stops. Glottal stops, pharyngeal stops, pharyngeal fricatives.
Leaf-like, elastic structure that protects the airway by closing the entrance to the larynx when swallowing.
What is the epiglottis?
Drawing and/or scribbling are often a precursor to ___ in children.
What is writing?
For front vowel pattens, formant frequencies F1 and F2 are ___ and F2 and F3 are ___
What is F1 and F2 are far apart, F2 and F3 are close together?
Sound waves of the speech signal travel through the ear canal (external auditory meatus), causing a vibration or physical movement of the tympanic membrane and the bones of the middle ear. Sound pressure forces increase between the tympanic membrane and the stapes on the oval window, which is necessary as the sound is transmitted from a medium of air to the fluid-filled cavity of the cochlea.
What is the mechanical transmission of the sound waves of speech?
What are two characteristics of Childhood Apraxia of Speech?
Limited consonant and vowel repertoire, use of simple syllable shapes and frequent omission of sounds, poor scores on articulation tests, poor intelligibility, difficulty moving from one articulatory configuration to another, groping, vowel distortions, prosodic errors, inconsistent voicing errors.
The diaphragm is innervated by this nerve.
What is the Phrenic Nerve?
Five areas that are important for literacy and are recognized by the National Reading Panel.
What are phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and reading comprehension?
A dark line is NOT present at the bottom of a spectrogram during the production of a ___ consonant.
What is voiceless?
The axon tracts that send the signals of speech from the planum temporale to the inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) for word repetition.
What are the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus and the Arcuate Fasiculus?
The surgical removal of the larynx due to cancer.
What is a laryngectomy?
The tongue muscle responsible for elevating and retracting the velum.
What is the Levator Veli Palatini?