Audiology
_____ creates harmonies when exposed to frequencies, and is perceived as “depth” and “richness” of sound
Resonance
What are the three planes of the body?
Sagittal, Coronal, Horizontal
Around what age should babbling emerge in babies?
7 to 9 months
What symptoms can you expect from lesions to the Broca’s area compared to lesions to the Wernicke’s area?
1. Broca’s area: expressive or non-fluent aphasia; usually, there is reduced and labored speech output, and grammaticality is impaired.
2. Wernicke’s area: fluent or receptive aphasia; usually, speech output remains smooth, but the meaning will be lacking.
Translate this word: [θɛɹəpi]
Therapy
Damage to the outer and middle ear may result in what kind of hearing loss?
Conductive
What is white matter and what is the largest white matter tract in the brain?
bundles of axons of myelin sheath and corpus callosum
What is the difference between descriptive and prescriptive grammar?
Prescriptive: specifies how a language and its grammar rules should be used
Descriptive: describes how people use language in daily life including standard and nonstandard varieties
What is the hallmark difference between apraxia and dysarthria?
Apraxia has to do with difficulty coordinating and planning movements needed for speech production.
On the other hand, dysarthria is caused by weakness or atrophy of the articulatory muscles themselves.
Translate this word: [nɪʃlə]
NSSLHA
What is the typical hearing range of human hearing?
20-20,000Hz
What lobe is Broca's area in?
The frontal lobe
What is the difference between critical and sensitive periods?
Critical period (only time): a fixed and narrow time window during development when the brain is most receptive to acquiring a specific skill or ability. Missing it can lead to long-lasting deficits or difficulties in developing the skill later in life
Sensitive period (best time): a broader and more flexible time window during which learning is more efficient. While learning is more efficient during sensitive periods, it is still possible to develop the skill later in life (e.g., bonding, attachment)
What is the difference between aspiration and penetration?
In penetration, the bolus enters the airway, but it does not pass the vocal folds. In aspiration, the bolus passes the vocal folds.
Translate this word: [lɛɹɪŋks]
Larynx
What are the bones of the middle ear?
Stapes, Malleus, and Incus
Which Cranial Nerve (Number and Name) is in charge of auditory information?
Cranial Nerve VIII/Vestibulocochlear
What is the Matthew Effect?
Individual differences in literacy increase over time: Children who start off as strong readers continue to excel in reading, while children who struggle with reading at an early age may fall further behind their peers over time
What is the cause of Ménière's disease?
There is no consensus on the etiology of Ménière's disease.
Translate these two words: [ælvilɚ ɹɪdʒ]
Alveolar ridge
What is another way to say range of comfortable loudness (RCL)?
Dynamic range for speech (DR)
What is the end of the spinal cord called?
Conus Medullaris
What are the two types of bilingualism and the conditions that differentiate them?
Simultaneous bilingual: 2nd language is acquired before age 5
Sequential bilingual: 2nd language is introduced after age 5
How do we tell a difference apart from a disorder?
There is no way to tell a disorder apart from a difference, because neither is a fixed and real category. What we call a disorder could easily be considered a difference in another social and political context. For example, in the early 1900s, not knowing English was considered a disorder, as IQ tests administered to new immigrants to the U.S. were conducted in exclusively English to justify eugenics, xenophobia, and racism.
Name one context in which you would use the non-phonemic diphthong [eɪ] instead of the monophthong [e]
In a primary stressed syllable OR in word-final position