Unit 10 1
In the context of the endocrine system, homeostasis refers to:
A) The ability of the endocrine glands to secrete hormones in response to external signals.
B) The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment through the regulation of hormone levels.
C) The production of digestive enzymes for metabolic processes.
D) The regulation of blood pressure by the cardiovascular system.
B) The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment through the regulation of hormone levels.
Which hormone is released by the adrenal glands to help the body respond to stress?
A) Cortisol
B) Progesterone
C) Insulin
D) Estrogen
A) Cortisol
Which of the following is the primary function of the nervous system?
a) Digestion
b) Sensory input, integration, and motor output
c) Hormonal regulation
d) Blood circulation
Answer: b) Sensory input, integration, and motor output
Which neurotransmitter is most commonly associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
a) Acetylcholine
b) Norepinephrine
c) Dopamine
d) Glutamate
a) Acetylcholine
The sympathetic nervous system is most active in which of the following situations?
a) During rest and digestion
b) During fight or flight response
c) During sleep
d) During prolonged exercise
b) During fight or flight response
The auditory canal is part of which sensory system?
a) Olfactory system
b) Visual system
c) Auditory system
d) Somatosensory system
c) Auditory system
In the endocrine system, the negative feedback loop is important because it:
A) Amplifies the effects of hormone release to increase metabolic processes.
B) Helps regulate hormone levels by inhibiting further hormone secretion when a desired effect is achieved.
C) Causes a continuous increase in hormone production until the body becomes hyperactive.
D) Is responsible for initiating the production of hormones in the hypothalamus.
B) Helps regulate hormone levels by inhibiting further hormone secretion when a desired effect is achieved.
Which part of the adrenal glands is responsible for the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A) Cortex
B) Medulla
C) Pineal gland
D) Hypothalamus
B) Medulla
Which of the following divisions of the nervous system is responsible for the fight or flight response?
a) Somatic nervous system
b) Central nervous system
c) Sympathetic nervous system
d) Parasympathetic nervous system
c) Sympathetic nervous system
Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in mood regulation and is found in the brainstem?
a) Serotonin
b) Dopamine
c) GABA
d) Glutamate
a) Serotonin
Which of the following is responsible for controlling the voluntary movements of skeletal muscles?
a) Somatic nervous system
b) Autonomic nervous system
c) Sympathetic nervous system
d) Parasympathetic nervous system
a) Somatic nervous system
Which of the following is responsible for the detection of light in the eye?
a) Retina
b) Cornea
c) Sclera
d) Iris
a) Retina
Which gland is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms?
A) Pineal gland
B) Hypothalamus
C) Thyroid gland
D) Pituitary gland
B) Hypothalamus
The pancreas produces insulin to:
A) Lower blood glucose levels.
B) Raise blood glucose levels.
C) Stimulate the release of thyroid hormones.
D) Regulate the production of digestive enzymes.
A) Lower blood glucose levels.
The autonomic nervous system controls which of the following?
a) Voluntary muscle movements
b) Involuntary body functions such as heart rate
c) Sensory information from the skin
d) Skeletal muscle contractions
b) Involuntary body functions such as heart rate
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating basic life functions such as heart rate and respiration?
a) Cerebellum
b) Diencephalon
c) Brainstem
d) Cerebrum
c) Brainstem
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
a) To increase heart rate and prepare the body for stress
b) To decrease heart rate and promote relaxation
c) To increase respiration and dilate pupils
d) To control voluntary muscle movements
b) To decrease heart rate and promote relaxation
The cochlea is located in which part of the ear?
a) Outer ear
b) Middle ear
c) Inner ear
d) Auditory canal
c) Inner ear
Releasing hormones from the hypothalamus primarily act to:
A) Stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.
B) Directly regulate heart rate.
C) Affect the metabolic rate in tissues.
D) Trigger the release of digestive enzymes.
A) Stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.
Which hormone is produced by the pancreas to increase blood glucose levels?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Thyroxine
D) Cortisol
B) Glucagon
Which type of neuron transmits information away from the central nervous system?
a) Afferent neuron
b) Efferent neuron
c) Interneuron
d) Sensory neuron
b) Efferent neuron
Which region of the brain is primarily responsible for higher-order functions such as thinking, memory, and voluntary motor control?
a) Cerebellum
b) Diencephalon
c) Cerebrum
d) Brainstem
c) Cerebrum
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell?
a) Olfactory nerve (I)
b) Optic nerve (II)
c) Oculomotor nerve (III)
d) Facial nerve (VII)
a) Olfactory nerve (I)
Which of the following structures in the eye controls the amount of light that enters?
a) Lens
b) Retina
c) Pupil
d) Cornea
c) Pupil
Which hormone is released by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones?
A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B) Prolactin
C) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D) Growth hormone (GH)
A) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
The gonads (ovaries and testes) are responsible for producing which hormones?
A) Corticosteroids
B) Reproductive hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
C) Growth hormones
D) Thyroid hormones
B) Reproductive hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
What is the main function of neuroglial cells?
a) Transmitting nerve impulses
b) Supporting and protecting neurons
c) Producing myelin
d) Carrying out sensory functions
b) Supporting and protecting neurons
The thalamus is a structure located in which part of the brain?
a) Cerebrum
b) Cerebellum
c) Brainstem
d) Diencephalon
d) Diencephalon
Which cranial nerve controls the movements of the tongue?
a) Vagus nerve (X)
b) Trigeminal nerve (V)
c) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
d) Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
d) Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Which part of the ear is responsible for equalizing pressure?
a) Cochlea
b) Auditory ossicles
c) Eustachian tube
d) Vestibule
c) Eustachian tube
Which of the following is a function of releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus?
A) Decrease metabolic activity
B) Increase digestive enzyme secretion
C) Regulate reproductive cycles
D) Stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones
D) Stimulate the anterior pituitary to release hormones
In the kidneys, the hormone erythropoietin is primarily responsible for:
A) Stimulating the production of red blood cells.
B) Regulating fluid balance.
C) Decreasing blood glucose levels.
D) Activating the renin-angiotensin system.
A) Stimulating the production of red blood cells.
Which of the following describes a neuron that has a long axon and is involved in transmitting motor signals?
a) Sensory neuron
b) Interneuron
c) Motor neuron
d) Bipolar neuron
c) Motor neuron
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle movements and maintaining balance?
a) Medulla oblongata
b) Cerebellum
c) Hippocampus
d) Pons
b) Cerebellum
Which of the following is a sensory function of the spinal nerves?
a) Motor control of skeletal muscles
b) Sensation of touch, pain, and temperature
c) Regulation of digestion
d) Coordination of muscle contractions
b) Sensation of touch, pain, and temperature
Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and balance?
a) Vagus nerve (X)
b) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
c) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
d) Facial nerve (VII)
c) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
The pineal gland produces which hormone that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle?
A) Melatonin
B) Cortisol
C) Insulin
D) Thyroxine
A) Melatonin
The atria of the heart secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which helps to:
A) Increase blood pressure.
B) Promote water and sodium retention in the kidneys.
C) Lower blood pressure and promote sodium excretion.
D) Stimulate the release of thyroid hormones.
C) Lower blood pressure and promote sodium excretion.
Which of the following is true regarding the resting potential of a neuron?
a) The inside of the neuron is positively charged
b) The neuron is at its depolarized state
c) The inside of the neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside
d) Sodium ions are more concentrated inside the neuron
The inside of the neuron is negatively charged relative to the outside
Which structure is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
a) Meninges
b) Choroid plexus
c) Corpus callosum
d) Thalamus
b) Choroid plexus
What is the role of the optic nerve (II)?
a) Hearing
b) Vision
c) Smell
d) Taste
b) Vision
Which of the following is the sensory receptor responsible for detecting taste?
a) Rods
b) Cones
c) Taste buds
d) Hair cells
c) Taste buds
The thyroid gland primarily regulates:
A) Blood sugar levels
B) Metabolic rate and growth
C) Reproductive function
D) Fluid balance
B) Metabolic rate and growth
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta to:
A) Stimulate milk production.
B) Maintain the uterine lining during early pregnancy.
C) Stimulate the release of growth hormones.
D) Regulate calcium balance.
B) Maintain the uterine lining during early pregnancy.
Which of the following best describes the process of depolarization in a neuron?
a) The inside of the neuron becomes more negative
b) Sodium ions move out of the cell
c) Potassium ions move into the cell
d) Sodium ions move into the cell
d) Sodium ions move into the cell
Which of the following is NOT part of the central nervous system (CNS)?
a) Brain
b) Spinal cord
c) Cranial nerves
d) Spinal nerves
c) Cranial nerves
The spinal cord is responsible for which of the following functions?
a) Regulating blood pressure
b) Interpreting sensory information
c) Serving as a conduit for nerve signals between the brain and body
d) Producing cerebrospinal fluid
c) Serving as a conduit for nerve signals between the brain and body
Which structure is primarily responsible for detecting sound vibrations?
a) Cochlea
b) Tympanic membrane
c) Eustachian tube
d) Oval window
a) Cochlea
Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland to regulate calcium levels in the blood?
A) Calcitonin
B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) Insulin
D) Cortisol
A) Calcitonin
What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin?
A) Stimulate red blood cell production.
B) Promote water retention by the kidneys.
C) Increase the secretion of thyroid hormones.
D) Increase the production of urine.
B) Promote water retention by the kidneys.
During which phase of the action potential do potassium ions move out of the neuron?
a) Resting potential
b) Depolarization
c) Repolarization
d) Hyperpolarization
c) Repolarization
What are the three layers of meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord?
a) Dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater
b) Endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
c) Myelin, axon, synapse
d) Cortex, medulla, thalamus
a) Dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater
Which of the following structures is part of the central nervous system?
a) Sensory receptors
b) Peripheral nerves
c) Spinal cord
d) Ganglia
c) Spinal cord
Which of the following is a function of the cerebellum?
a) Regulating body temperature
b) Controlling voluntary muscle movements and balance
c) Producing cerebrospinal fluid
d) Processing sensory information
b) Controlling voluntary muscle movements and balance
The parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) to:
A) Stimulate the kidneys to excrete calcium.
B) Decrease blood calcium levels.
C) Increase blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption.
D) Regulate insulin release from the pancreas.
C) Increase blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption.
Which hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate milk production in the mammary glands?
A) Oxytocin
B) Prolactin
C) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
D) Growth hormone (GH)
B) Prolactin
Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving electrical signals?
a) Axon
b) Dendrite
c) Myelin sheath
d) Synaptic terminal
b) Dendrite
Which structure is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses between the left and right hemispheres of the brain?
a) Pineal gland
b) Corpus callosum
c) Medulla oblongata
d) Pons
b) Corpus callosum
Which of the following is a component of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
a) Spinal cord
b) Cerebellum
c) Cranial nerves
d) Medulla oblongata
c) Cranial nerves
What is the primary role of the medulla oblongata?
a) Coordination of voluntary movements
b) Control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
c) Regulation of emotions
d) Processing sensory input
b) Control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure