Diabetes Definitions
Three predominany clinical signs of Diabetes, known as the 3 P's
What are Polydipsia, Polyphagia and Polyuria?
According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), to prevent micro-vascular disease, the HgbA1c goal for non-pregnant adults
What is less than 7%?
The ratio between a toxic dose and the therapeutic dose of a drug.
What is The Therapeutic Index?
Nervousness, trembling, light-headedness, blood glucose 60 mg/dL
What is hypoglycemia?
A common complaint by a patient with Digitalis toxicity.
What are visual disturbances including seeing green-yellow halos?
When the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed and there is no insulin produced
What is Type I Diabetes?
Normal fasting blood glucose and 2-hr post prandial levels.
What are less than 100 mg/dL and less than 140 mg/dl.
Insulin glargine is considered this type of insulin and how long is it's duration of action?
What is long-acting- 24 hours duration?
A common electrolyte imbalance associated with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) which makes the patient susceptible to lethal arrhythmias.
What is hypokalemia?
This drug is a commonly used and overused laxative known for it's ability to cause bowels to lose their normal activity.
What is bisacodyl (Dulcolax)?
Type of Diabetes characterized by insulin resistance due to defects at the cell membrane.
What is Type II Diabetes?
Normal serum phosphorus, total serum calcium levels, serum sodium, serum chloride
What are:
Serum phosphorus 2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Total serum calcium 8.2-10.2 mg/dL
Serum sodium 135-145 mEq/L
Serum chloride 97-107 mEq/L
A disulfiram-like reaction may occur when a patient drinks alcohol with this commonly used anti-diabetic, second-generation sulfonylurea.
What is glipizide?
This is an essential, first-line priority for treatment of a patient with Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
Patients may switch from ACE Inhibitors to Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) due to this annoying side effect.
What is a persistent, irritated cough?
Changes to the tissue due to frequent insulin injections at the same site
What is Lipodystrophy (hypertrophy or atrophy)?
Normal Hemoglobin and Hematocrit ranges for men and women
What are:
Hb Women 38-44%, Men 43-49%
Hct Women 12-16 g/100 mL, Men 13-18 g/100 mL
Common side effects from broad drug group include dry mouth, decreased secretions, headache, blurred vision, drowsiness, dizziness.
What are anticholinergics?
A condition marked by numbness, tingling and pain related to prolonged hyperglycemia
What is diabetic peripheral neuropathy?
This oral corticosteroid, which decreases inflammation during an acute asthma attack, should never by discontinued abruptly.
What is Prednisone?
When there is inadequate insulin for cells to obtain glucose; characterized by ketones in the urine, blood glucose > 250 mg/dL, arterial pH, 7.0
What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Interpret the following arterial blood gas values:
pH = 7.32
PaCO2 = 62 mm Hg
PaO2 = 70 mm Hg
HCO3– = 28 mEq/L
What is respiratory acidosis?
This common group of diuretics cause a loss of sodium, potassium and magnesium, promote calcium re-absorption, and may cause hyperglycemia with diabetic and pre-diabetic patients.
What are thiazide diuretics?
A condition with blood glucose levels greater than 600 mg/dL, without urine or serum ketones, that occurs most often in the elderly during times of stress or infection
What is Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)?
This medication is given to a patient on warfarin therapy with a highly elevated INR.