structure
Primary elements in nucleic acid
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
How nucleic acids engage with water
Polar, hydrophilic backbone but hydrophobic nitrogenous base on interior of double strands/polynucleotides
what mNRA does
carries protein information from the DNA in a cell's nucleus to the cell's cytoplasm
Nucleobases of RNA
Cytosine, guanine, Adenine, uracil
The flow of genetic information
DNA to RNA to proteins
Monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotides
Primary function of nucleic acids in organism
enable living organisms to reproduce complex components one generation to the next
Parts of a nucleotide
nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, and 1 to 3 phosphate groups
Where is DNA located
in the nucleus
Three
Type of bonds used to link monomers
The phosphodiester bond is a covalent link between sugars of two nucleotides
Primary function of nuclear acids in cell
store and transmit genetic information
When in a DNA sugar the hydroxyl group lacks an O Aton on the second C in ring
deoxyribose
Main function of DNA
provides directions for replication, and can control protein synthesis (gene expression)
The sites of protein synthesis in cytoplasm
ribosomes
Process that monomers are built up and broken down
Condensation reaction (taking water out to build a link) vs hydrolysis
Needed by other macromolecules
Because they provide the genetic instructions for their synthesis and function (protein)
source of energy to use and store at the cellular level
ATP
Main function of RNA
directs synthesis
Plasmids
one long DNA molecule with genetic programming instruction (proteins required)
chromosome
What tRNA does
brings amino acids to ribosome during polypeptide synthesis
What compromises the backbone of DNA and RNA
Sugar-phosphate groups
Nucleobases of DNA
Thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine
Who discovered DNA was a 3D helix
Watson and crick