Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA are known as ______ (polymer)
and made from monomers called ______
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides
What are they key differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA: More stable, double stranded (antiparallel), contains thymine (pairs with adenine), stores genetic info, deoxyribose as the pentose sugar
RNA: More reactive (because of extra -OH group), single stranded, contains Uracil pairing with adenine, delivers genetic info, has different structures/forms, ribose as the pentose sugar
What are Chargaffs rules?
# Purines= # Pyrimidines
What is your favorite memory from this year?
I just didn't know what other questions to put
Contains pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
Draw the 2 sugars found in DNA and RNA? Draw them and circle the difference
Ribose in RNA- -OH on 2' and 3' carbons
Deoxyribose in DNA- -H on 2' and -OH on 3'
What is the significance of this difference?
Why can't DNA be used directly for gene expression? (Why is mRNA necessary?)
What is the central dogma? What are the 3 steps/processes to making a protein?
DNA->RNA->Polypeptide->Protein
1) Transcription
2) Translation
3) Folding
Draw 2 nucleotides being joined together in polymerization
What type of bond is found between them?
3' carbon of one nucleotide is joined to the phosphate group of a different nucleotide
A phosphodiester bond links nucleotides. It is a type of covalent bond.
What type of bond forms between nitrogenous bases?
How many form between Guanine and Cytosine?
How many form between Adenine and Thymine/Uracil?
Hydrogen bonds
3 between G&C
2 between A&T
Which structures of RNA are 'functional'? Give examples
Primary: mRNA
Tertiary: tRNA
DNA transmits information:
1) to _______________
2) from _____________________
1) to other molecules (mRNA)
2) from one generation to the next
Draw a single strand of nucleotides and label the 3 and 5 prime ends.
Where would new nucleotides be added/in what direction does a strand of nucleotides grow?
3' end- -OH group
5' end- free phosphate group
Strands grow in the 5' to 3' direction, meaning that new nucleotides will only be added to the 3' end.
What are the 5 nitrogenous bases? Are they purines and pyrimidines? Are they found in RNA, DNA, or both?
Draw the basic structure for purines and pyrimidines
Adenine (both, purine)
Thymine (DNA, pyrimidine)
Uracil (RNA, pyrimidine)
Guanine (both, purine)
Cytosine (both, pyrimidine)
Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?
Where does translation occur?
Eukaryotes: nucleus; Prokaryotes: cytosol
Cytosol both
What is the first step of gene expression? What happens in it?
Transcription
The information from DNA is 'copied' to form a strand of mRNA
(mRNA: 'working copy' of the gene)
Draw and name the levels of complexity of DNA
-Nucleotide, single strand, double helix, chromosome, genome
Draw and name the levels of complexity of RNA
If a molecule of DNA is composed of 40% Thymine, what percentage of the molecule is Cytosine?
10%
What is the second step of gene expression? What happens in it?
Translation
mRNA is taken to the ribosome. The information in mRNA is read and used to create a polypeptide.