Numbers
A parent places three toys into a box. The infant searches in the box until all three toys are out. Which number system allows the infant to do this?
object-file
A common strategy for completing addition.
counting on fingers, counting up from larger number, infer from know problems, decompose into simpler problem
Name a skill or task that candy sellers need to do that involves math.
buy candy, price the candy, perform selling operations, estimate what candy sells, compare pricing at wholesalers
The three countries were included in the Stevenson et al. sample.
What are US, Japan, & China?
A child encounters information that challenges their existing world knowledge so they create a new schema.
What is accommodation?
An example of this number concept is "Neptune is the fourth largest planet."
What is ordinality?
One reason math word problems are difficult for children.
what is high working memory demand?
what is new context?
This math/number knowledge is not affected by schooling or selling.
bill orthography and bill identification
What is the US?
A child who has just begun to pass a conservation of matter task is in this stage of cognitive development.
concrete operations
The last number indicates how many items are in a set.
What is the cardinal principle?
A child with this set high will be more likely to use backup strategies for math problems.
What is confidence criterion?
Candy sellers do better than non-sellers on these two tasks.
bill arithmetic and ratio comparisons
What is a major difference between the US and China & Japan in terms of instruction time?
biggest - we spend most time on reading.
also the teachers aren't instructing as much.
also less homework for US kids.
A child explains their usual schedule at daycare, starting with breakfast, then circle time, singing the welcome song, and then doing activities. The child's knowledge of the usual order of events is called?
what is a script (a schema for events)?
In Wynn's study, infants saw two dolls placed on a stage, a screen come up, then a hand reach behind the screen and take away one doll. Infants did this when the screen dropped and there were two dolls behind the screen.
What is look longer?
These two math strategy styles are likely to score the same on standardized tests but not have the same cognitive styles.
What are good and perfectionist?
What is the difference(s) between sellers and non-sellers on school math?
sellers use regrouping strategies more than column format (school format). sellers do better in 2nd grade but non-sellers catch up with schooling.
U.S. mothers generally believe that success comes from this factor.
This is when a parent does not show emotion or interact with a child, usually in a laboratory setting but it may occur in regular interactions as well.
what is still face?
Children show knowledge of cardinal principles by emphasizing this.
What is the last number they said?
Explain one example of how we know that culture influences mathematical ability.
difficulty with borrowing for US kids because of lack of base 10.
effects of abacus on mathematical errors.
emphasis in Korean on the nature of fractions (of three parts one)
What do you think Saxe (1988) is trying to convince you of about learning math in his studies of Brazilian candy sellers (i.e. what is the big picture of the article)?
open ended
Evaluate this quote ”The poor performance of American children in mathematics this reflects a general failure to perceive that American elementary school children are performing ineffectively and that there is a need for improvement and change…”
open ended
What is something we could do to combat the effects of essentialism on gender stereotyping?
open-ended (I'm hoping for something related to generic language)