Dopaminergic agents
These are used to increase the effects of dopamine at receptor sites, restoring the balance of neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia.
What are dopaminergic drugs?
These medications oppose the effects of acetylcholine at receptor sites in the basal ganglia.
What are anticholinergic agents?
This is the reason centrally acting muscle relaxants are often referred as spasmolytics.
Direct-acting skeletal relaxants enter the muscle and prevent this directly.
What is muscle contraction?
Parkinson's Disease tends to affect this of the midbrain.
What is the substantia nigra?
This medication is the standard dopaminergic used to treat parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease.
What is carbidopa-levodopa?
By suppressing the stimulatory effects of acetylcholine in the basal ganglia, anticholinergic agents do this and thus used as adjunctive therapy and for patients who no longer respond to levodopa.
What is bring balance into the control of movement?
These other modalities of spasm and pain relief are used in addition to central acting muscle relaxants.
This medication acts within skeletal muscle fibers and interfere with calcium ion release from the muscle tubules. Therefore, the fibers are prevented from contracting. It does not interfere with neuromuscular transmission and does not affect skeletal muscle surface membrane. Also used to prevent/treat malignant hyperthermia.
What is dantrolene?
Remembering that anticholinergics block the effects of peripheral nervous system, the nurse would question an order for an anticholinergic drug for patients with this eye condition?
What is glaucoma?
The adverse effects most commonly associated with this class of medications are related to the systemic effects of this which causes increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, decreased GI activity, and urinary retention.
What is dopamine?
Dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, paralytic ileus, and constipation related to decreased GI secretions and motility are these.
What are anticipated peripheral anticholinergic effects?
Central anticholinergic effects would be disorientation, confusion, and memory loss. Agitation, nervousness, delirium, dizziness, light-headedness, and weakness nay also occur.
Although the exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, this is believed that it involves the participation of upper or spinal interneurons.
What is therapeutic action of centrally acting muscle relaxants?
Dantrolene should be used in caution with these types of patients due the increased risk of potentially fatal hepatocellular disease.
Who are female patients, all patients older than 35 years old?
History of liver disease or previous dysfunction. Increases liver’s susceptibility to cellular toxicity.
This should be a priority nursing intervention for children receiving muscle relaxants?
What is assess bowel sounds and activity?
Children are especially at an increased risk of CNS and GI toxicity.
What is amantadine?
This should be educated to a patient who is taking an anticholinergic agent to reduce the risks associated with decreased sweating?
What is ensuring hydration and temperature control?
An indication for centrally acting muscle relaxant is this, which is seen in spinal cord injuries or spinal cord diseases which cause sustained muscle contractions that prevent normal movement due to extreme resistance to any stretch or flexibility during contractions.
What is spasticity?
These are associated with anaphylactic reactions characterized by headache, dizziness, muscle pain, paralysis.
What are botulinum toxins?
If a patient who had a dose of botulinum toxin type A complains of a headache and dizziness, the patient may be having this.
What is an anaphylactic reaction?
Botulinum toxins are associated with anaphylactic reactions characterized by headache, dizziness, muscle pain, paralysis.
This class of medication needs to be stopped within 14 days before starting carbidopa/levodopa.
What are MOA inhibitors?
This is something a patient can be educated on to help with complaints of having a dry mouth due to anticholinergic agents.
What is encouraging the patient to use sugarless lozenges to combat dry mouth?
This centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant is the medication of choice for older patients and for those with hepatic or renal impairment.
What is carisoprodol?
It is important to monitor these labs while taking dantrolene due to to it's black box warning.
What are liver function tests?
Dantrolene carries a black box warning due to its risk of hepatotoxicity.
This is how long baclofen should be tapered to prevent the development of psychoses and hallucinations?
What is 7-14 days?